4-manifolds in 7-space

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Contents

1 Introduction

Most of this page is intended not only for specialists in embeddings, but also for mathematician from other areas who want to apply or to learn the theory of embeddings.

Basic results on embeddings of closed connected 4-manifolds in 7-space are particular cases of results on embeddings of n-manifolds in (2n-1)-space which are discussed in [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, \S2.4 `The Whitney invariant']. In this page we concentrate on more advanced classification results peculiar for n=4.

For a general introduction to embeddings as well as the notation and conventions used on this page, we refer to [Skopenkov2016c, \S1, \S3]. Unless specified otherwise, we work in the smooth category. For the definition of the embedded connected sum \# of embeddings of closed connected 4-manifolds N in 7-space and for the corresponding action of the group E^7_D(S^4) on the set E^7_D(N), see e.g. [Skopenkov2016c, \S4].

Remark 1.1 (PL and piecewise smooth embeddings). Any smooth manifold has a unique (up to PL homeomorphism) PL structure compatible with the given smooth structure [Milnor&Stasheff1974, Complement, Theorems 10.5 and 10.6]. Since also any PL 4-manifold admits a unique smooth structure [Mandelbaum1980, \S1.2], we may consider a smooth 4-manifold as a PL 4-manifold.

A map of a smooth manifold is 'piecewise smooth (PS)' if it is smooth on every simplex of some triangulation of the manifold. Clearly, every smooth or PL map is PS.

For a smooth manifold N let E^m_{PS}(N) be the set of PS embeddings N\to\R^m up to PS isotopy. The forgetful map E^m_{PL}(N)\to E^m_{PS}(N) is 1-1 [Haefliger1967, 2.4]. So a description of E^m_{PS}(N) is equivalent to a description of E^m_{PL}(N).

2 Examples of knotted tori

The Hudson tori \Hud_{7,4,2}(a):S^2\times S^2\to S^7 and \Hud_{7,4,1}(a):S^1\times S^3\to S^7 are defined for an integer a in Remark 3.5.d of [Skopenkov2016e] or in [Skopenkov2006, Example 2.10].

Define D^m_+,D^m_-\subset S^m by the equations x_1\ge0 and x_1\le0, respectively.

Example 2.1 (Spinning construction). For an embedding g:S^3\to D^6 denote by Sg the embedding

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The restriction of Sg to D^1_+\times S^3 is isotopic to (the restriction to D^1_+\times S^3 of) the standard embedding. We conjecture that if t:S^3\to D^6 is the Haefliger trefoil knot [Skopenkov2016t, Example 2.1], then St is not smoothly isotopic to the connected sum of the standard embedding and any embedding S^4\to S^7.

The following Examples 2.2 and 2.3 appear in [Skopenkov2002, \S6], [Skopenkov2006, \S6] but could be known earlier.

Example 2.2. Two embeddings \tau^1,\tau^2:S^1\times S^3\to S^7 are defined as compositions

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where k=1,2 and maps t^k:S^1\times S^3\to S^3 are defined below. We shall see that t^k|_{S^1\times y} is an embedding for any y\in S^3 and k=1,2, hence \tau^1 and \tau^2 are embeddings.

Define t^1(s,y):=sy, where S^3 is identified with the set of unit length quaternions and S^1\subset S^3 with the set of unit length complex numbers.

Define t^2(e^{i\theta},y):=\eta(y)\cos\theta+\sin\theta, where \eta:S^3\to S^2 is the Hopf fibration and S^2 is identified with the 2-sphere formed by unit length quaternions of the form ai+bj+ck.

It would be interesting to know if \tau^2 is PS or smoothly isotopic to the Hudson torus \Hud_{7,4,1}(1).

Example 2.2 can be generalized as follows.

Example 2.3. Define a map \tau \colon \Z^2 \to E^7(S^1 \times S^3). Take a smooth map \alpha:S^3\to V_{4,2}. Assuming that V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^2, we have \alpha(x) = (\alpha_1(x), \alpha_2(x)). Define the adjunction map \R^2 \times S^3 \to \R^4 by ((s, t), x) \mapsto \alpha_1(x)s + \alpha_2(x)t. (Assuming that V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^{\R^2}, this map is obtained from \alpha by the exponential law.) Denote by \overline\alpha:S^1\times S^3\to S^3 the restriction of the adjunction map. We define the embedding \tau_\alpha to be the composition

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We define the map \tau by \tau(l, b):=[\tau_{\alpha}], where \alpha\colon S^3 \to V_{4, 2} represents (l, b) \in \pi_3(V_{4, 2}) (for the standard identification \pi_3(V_{4, 2})=\Zz^2).

Clearly, [\tau^1]=\tau(1,0) and [\tau^2]=\tau(0,1). See a generalization in [Skopenkov2016k].

It would be interesting to know if \tau(l,b)=\tau(l,b+2l) or [\tau(l,b)]=[\tau(l,b+2l)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3) for any b,l\in\Zz.

The unpublished papers [Crowley&Skopenkov2016], [Crowley&Skopenkov2016a] prove that

  • any PS embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 represents [\tau(l,b)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3) for some l,b\in\Z.
  • any smooth embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 represents \tau(l,b)\#a for some l,b\in\Z and a\in E^7(S^4).

Example 2.4 (The Lambrechts torus). There is an embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 whose complement is not homotopy equivalent to the complement of the standard embedding.

I learned this simple construction from P. Lambrechts. Take the Hopf fibration S^3\to S^7\overset{\nu}\to S^4. Take the Hopf linking h:S^1\sqcup S^2\to S^4 [Skopenkov2016h, Example 2.1]. Then

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Figure 1: Three intersecting disks spanning Borromean rings; a torus with a hole spanning one of the rings and disjoint from the spanning disks of the other two rings
The last homotopy equivalence is proved in a more general form
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for m\ge p+q+3 by induction on p\ge0 using the following observation: if f:N\to S^n is an embedding, then
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.

(I conjecture that \nu^{-1}h(S^1)=\tau^1(S^1\times S^3).)

Figure 2: The Haefliger torus S^{2k}\times S^{2k}\to S^{6k+1}

Example 2.5 (the Haefliger torus). There is a PL embedding S^2\times S^2\to S^7 which is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding.

Take the Haefliger trefoil knot S^3\to S^6 [Skopenkov2016t, Example 2.1]. Extend it to a PL conical embedding D^4\to D^7_-. By [Haefliger1962, \S4.2] the trefoil knot also extends to a proper smooth embedding into D^7_+ of the punctured torus (or disk with handle), see Figure 1. These two extensions together form the required PL embedding S^2\times S^2\to S^7, see Figure 2 for k=1. By [Boechat&Haefliger1970, p.165] this PL embedding is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding.

For a higher-dimensional generalization see [Boechat1971, 6.2].

3 Embeddings of the complex projective plane

Example 3.1 [Boechat&Haefliger1970, p.164]. There is an embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7.

Recall that \Cc P^2_0 is the mapping cylinder of the Hopf fibration \eta:S^3\to S^2. Recall that S^6=S^2*S^3. Define an embedding f:\Cc P^2_0\to S^6 by f[(x,t)]:=[(x,\eta(x),t)], where x\in S^3. In other words, the segment joining x\in S^3 and \eta(x)\in S^2 is mapped onto the arc in S^6 joining x to \eta(x). Clearly, the boundary 3-sphere of \Cc P^2_0 is standardly embedded into S^6. Hence f extends to an embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7.

Theorem 3.2. (a) There is only one embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 up to isotopy and a hyperplane reflection of \Rr^7. In other words, there are exactly two isotopy classes of embeddings \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 (differing by composition with a hyperplane reflection of \Rr^7).

(b) For any pair of embeddings f:\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 and g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is isotopic to f.

(c) The Boechat-Haefliger invariant (defined below) is an injection E^7_{PL}(\Cc P^2)\to H_2(\Cc P^2)\cong\Z whose image is the set of odd integeres. However, any PL embedding whose Boechat-Haefliger is different from \pm1 is not smoothable.

Parts (a) and (b) are proved in [Skopenkov2005, Triviality Theorem (a)] (they also follow by Theorem 5.3 below). Part (c) follows by [Boechat&Haefliger1970, Theorems 1.6 and 2.1].

4 The Boechat-Haefliger invariant

We give definitions in more generality because this is natural and is required for 3-manifolds in 6-space [Skopenkov2016t]. Let N be a closed connected orientable n-manifold and f:N\to\Rr^m an embedding. Fix an orientation on N and an orientation on \Rr^m.

Definition 4.1. The composition

\displaystyle  H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial)\overset\partial\to H_s(\partial C_f)\overset{\nu_f}\to H_s(N)

of the boundary map \partial and the projection \nu_f is an isomorphism. This is well-known, see [Skopenkov2008, \S2, the Alexander Duality Lemma]. The inverse A_{f,s} to this composition is `the homology Alexander Duality isomorphism'; it equals to the composition H_s(N)\to H^{6-s}(C_f)\to H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial) of the cohomology Alexander and Poincaré duality isomorphisms.

This is not to be confused with another well-known homology Alexander duality isomorphism \widehat A_f:H_s(N)\to H_{s+m-n-1}(C) [Skopenkov2005, Alexander Duality Lemma 4.6].

Definition 4.2. A `homology Seifert surface' for f is the image A_{f,n}[N]\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial) of the fundamental class [N].

Denote by \cap the intersection products H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{m-n-1}(C_f)\to\Z and H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\to H_{2n+2-m}(C_f,\partial).

Remark 4.3. Take a small oriented disk D^{m-n}_f\subset\Rr^m whose intersection with f(N) consists of exactly one point of sign +1 and such that \partial D^{m-n}_f\subset\partial C_f. A homology Seifert surface Y\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial) for f is uniquely defined by the condition Y\cap [\partial D^{m-n}_f]=1.

Definition 4.4. Define `the Boechat-Haefliger invariant' of f

\displaystyle  \varkappa(f):=A_{f,2n+1-m}^{-1}\left(A_{f,n}[N]\cap A_{f,n}[N]\right)\in H_{2n+1-m}(N).

Clearly, a map \varkappa:E^m(N)\to H_{2n+1-m}(N) is well-defined by \varkappa([f]):=\varkappa(f).

Remark 4.5. (a) If m=2n=6, then \varkappa(f)-\varkappa(f_0)=\pm2W(f,f_0) for any two embeddings f,f_0:N\to\Rr^m [Skopenkov2008, \S2, The Boechat-Haefliger Invariant Lemma]. Here W is the Whitney invariant [Skopenkov2016e, \S5], [Skopenkov2006, \S2]. We conjecture that this holds when m-n is odd and that \varkappa(f)=\varkappa(f_0) when m-n is even.

(b) Definition 4.4 is equivalent to the original one for m=2n-1=7 [Boechat&Haefliger1970] by [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Section Lemma 3.1]. Earlier notation for \varkappa(f) was w_f [Boechat&Haefliger1970], BH(f) [Skopenkov2005] and \aleph(f) [Crowley&Skopenkov2008].

5 Classification

We use Stiefel-Whitney characteristic classes w_2 and (for non-orientable 4-manifolds) \overline w_3.

Theorem 5.1. (a) Any closed orientable 4-manifold embeds into \Rr^7.

(b) A closed 4-manifold N embeds into \Rr^7 if and only if \overline w_3(N)=0.

The PL version of (a) was proved in [Hirsch1965]. It was noticed in [Fuquan1994, p. 447] that the smooth version of (a) easily follows from Theorem 5.3.a below by [Donaldson1987]. (The smooth version of (a) also follows from (b) because \overline w_3=0 for orientable 4-manifolds [Massey1960].) The smooth version of (b) is [Fuquan1994, Main Theorem A]. The PL version of (b) follows from the smooth version by the second paragraph of Remark 1.1. A simpler proof of the PL versions of (b) is given as the proof of [Skopenkov1997, Corollary 1.3.a] (for specialists recall that \overline w_3(N)=0\Leftrightarrow\overline W_3(N)=0 for a closed 4-manifold N).

Any compact nonclosed 4-manifold embeds into \Rr^7. This follows by taking a 3-spine K of N, bringing a map N\to\R^7 to general position on K and restricting the obtained map to sufficiently thin neighborhood of K in N; this neighborhood is homeomorphic to N.

For the classical classification in the PL category which uses the assumption H_1(N)=0 see [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, Theorem 2.13].

Theorem 5.2. There is an isomorphism E^7_D(S^4)\cong\Zz_{12}.

This is stated in [Haefliger1966, the last line] and follows by [Haefliger1966, 4.11] and well-known fact \pi_5(G,O)=0 [Skopenkov2005, Lemma 3.1]. For alternative proofs see [Skopenkov2005, \S3, \S4] and [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.2.a].

Let N be a closed connected oriented 4-manifold.

Theorem 5.3. (a) [Boechat&Haefliger1970] The image
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of the Boéchat-Haefliger invariant
\displaystyle \varkappa:E^7_D(N)\to H_2(N)
\displaystyle \text{is}\qquad \{u\in H_2(N)\ |\ u\equiv PDw_2(N)\mod2,\ u\cap u=\sigma(N)\}.
(b) [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Theorem 1.1] If H_1(N)=0, then for any
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there is an injective invariant called the Kreck invariant,
\displaystyle \eta_u:\varkappa^{-1}(u)\to\Zz_{\gcd(u,24)}

whose image is the subset of even elements.

Here

  • PD:H^2(N)\to H_2(N) is Poincaré isomorphism.
  • \gcd(u,24) is the maximal integer k such that both u\in H_2(N) and 24 are divisible by k.
Thus \eta_u is surjective if u is not divisible by 2. Note that
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is divisible by 2 (for some u or, equivalently, for any u) if and only if N is spin.

If H_1(N)=0, then all isotopy classes of embeddings N\to\Rr^6 can be constructed from a certain given embedding using unlinked and linked embedded connected sum with embeddings S^4\to\Rr^7 [Skopenkov2016c], [Skopenkov2016e].

For a classification when H_1(N)\ne0 see [Crowley&Skopenkov2016] and [Crowley&Skopenkov2016a].

Corollary 5.4 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.2]). (a) There are exactly twelve isotopy classes of embeddings N\to\Rr^7 if N is an integral homology 4-sphere (cf. Theorem 5.2).

(b) Identify H_2(S^2\times S^2) = \Z^2 using the standard basis. For any integer u there are exactly \gcd(u,12) isotopy classes of embeddings f:S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7 with \varkappa(f)=(2u,0), and the same holds for those with \varkappa(f)=(0,2u). Other values of \Zz^2 are not in the image of \varkappa.

Addendum 5.5 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Addendum 1.3]). If H_1(N)=0 and f:N\to\Rr^7, g:S^4\to\Rr^7 are embeddings, then

\displaystyle \varkappa(f\#g)=\varkappa(f)\quad\text{and}\quad\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f\#g]\equiv\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f]+\eta_0[g]\mod\gcd(\varkappa(f),24).

The following corollary gives examples where the embedded connected sum action of E^7_D(S^4) on E^7_D(N) is trivial and where it is effective.

Corollary 5.6 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.4]). (a) Take an integer u and the Hudson torus f_u:=\Hud_{7,4,2}(u):S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7 defined in Remark 3.5.d of [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, Example 2.10]. If u=6k\pm1, then for any embedding g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f_u\#g is isotopic to f_u. Moreover, for any integer u the number of isotopy classes of embeddings f_u\#g is \gcd(u,12).

(b) If H_1(N)=0 and \sigma(N) is not divisible by the square of an integer s\ge2. Then for any pair of embeddings f:N\to\Rr^7 and g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is isotopic to f; in other words, \varkappa is injective.

(c) If H_1(N)=0 and f(N)\subset\Rr^6 for an embedding f:N\to\Rr^7, then for every embedding g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is not isotopic to f.

We remark that Corollary 5.6(b) was first proved in [Skopenkov2005] independently of Theorem 5.3.

6 References

, $\S]{Skopenkov2016c}. Unless specified otherwise, we work in the smooth category. For the definition of the [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Embedded_connected_sum|embedded connected sum]] $\#$ of embeddings of closed connected 4-manifolds $N$ in 7-space and for the corresponding action of the group $E^7_D(S^4)$ on the set $E^7_D(N)$, see e.g. \cite[$\S]{Skopenkov2016c}. {{beginthm|Remark|(PL and piecewise smooth embeddings)}}\label{r:plps} Any smooth manifold has a unique (up to PL homeomorphism) PL structure compatible with the given smooth structure \cite[Complement, Theorems 10.5 and 10.6]{Milnor&Stasheff1974}. Since also any PL 4-manifold admits a unique smooth structure \cite[$\Sn-manifolds in (2n-1)-space which are discussed in [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, \S2.4 `The Whitney invariant']. In this page we concentrate on more advanced classification results peculiar for n=4.

For a general introduction to embeddings as well as the notation and conventions used on this page, we refer to [Skopenkov2016c, \S1, \S3]. Unless specified otherwise, we work in the smooth category. For the definition of the embedded connected sum \# of embeddings of closed connected 4-manifolds N in 7-space and for the corresponding action of the group E^7_D(S^4) on the set E^7_D(N), see e.g. [Skopenkov2016c, \S4].

Remark 1.1 (PL and piecewise smooth embeddings). Any smooth manifold has a unique (up to PL homeomorphism) PL structure compatible with the given smooth structure [Milnor&Stasheff1974, Complement, Theorems 10.5 and 10.6]. Since also any PL 4-manifold admits a unique smooth structure [Mandelbaum1980, \S1.2], we may consider a smooth 4-manifold as a PL 4-manifold.

A map of a smooth manifold is 'piecewise smooth (PS)' if it is smooth on every simplex of some triangulation of the manifold. Clearly, every smooth or PL map is PS.

For a smooth manifold N let E^m_{PS}(N) be the set of PS embeddings N\to\R^m up to PS isotopy. The forgetful map E^m_{PL}(N)\to E^m_{PS}(N) is 1-1 [Haefliger1967, 2.4]. So a description of E^m_{PS}(N) is equivalent to a description of E^m_{PL}(N).

2 Examples of knotted tori

The Hudson tori \Hud_{7,4,2}(a):S^2\times S^2\to S^7 and \Hud_{7,4,1}(a):S^1\times S^3\to S^7 are defined for an integer a in Remark 3.5.d of [Skopenkov2016e] or in [Skopenkov2006, Example 2.10].

Define D^m_+,D^m_-\subset S^m by the equations x_1\ge0 and x_1\le0, respectively.

Example 2.1 (Spinning construction). For an embedding g:S^3\to D^6 denote by Sg the embedding

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The restriction of Sg to D^1_+\times S^3 is isotopic to (the restriction to D^1_+\times S^3 of) the standard embedding. We conjecture that if t:S^3\to D^6 is the Haefliger trefoil knot [Skopenkov2016t, Example 2.1], then St is not smoothly isotopic to the connected sum of the standard embedding and any embedding S^4\to S^7.

The following Examples 2.2 and 2.3 appear in [Skopenkov2002, \S6], [Skopenkov2006, \S6] but could be known earlier.

Example 2.2. Two embeddings \tau^1,\tau^2:S^1\times S^3\to S^7 are defined as compositions

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where k=1,2 and maps t^k:S^1\times S^3\to S^3 are defined below. We shall see that t^k|_{S^1\times y} is an embedding for any y\in S^3 and k=1,2, hence \tau^1 and \tau^2 are embeddings.

Define t^1(s,y):=sy, where S^3 is identified with the set of unit length quaternions and S^1\subset S^3 with the set of unit length complex numbers.

Define t^2(e^{i\theta},y):=\eta(y)\cos\theta+\sin\theta, where \eta:S^3\to S^2 is the Hopf fibration and S^2 is identified with the 2-sphere formed by unit length quaternions of the form ai+bj+ck.

It would be interesting to know if \tau^2 is PS or smoothly isotopic to the Hudson torus \Hud_{7,4,1}(1).

Example 2.2 can be generalized as follows.

Example 2.3. Define a map \tau \colon \Z^2 \to E^7(S^1 \times S^3). Take a smooth map \alpha:S^3\to V_{4,2}. Assuming that V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^2, we have \alpha(x) = (\alpha_1(x), \alpha_2(x)). Define the adjunction map \R^2 \times S^3 \to \R^4 by ((s, t), x) \mapsto \alpha_1(x)s + \alpha_2(x)t. (Assuming that V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^{\R^2}, this map is obtained from \alpha by the exponential law.) Denote by \overline\alpha:S^1\times S^3\to S^3 the restriction of the adjunction map. We define the embedding \tau_\alpha to be the composition

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We define the map \tau by \tau(l, b):=[\tau_{\alpha}], where \alpha\colon S^3 \to V_{4, 2} represents (l, b) \in \pi_3(V_{4, 2}) (for the standard identification \pi_3(V_{4, 2})=\Zz^2).

Clearly, [\tau^1]=\tau(1,0) and [\tau^2]=\tau(0,1). See a generalization in [Skopenkov2016k].

It would be interesting to know if \tau(l,b)=\tau(l,b+2l) or [\tau(l,b)]=[\tau(l,b+2l)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3) for any b,l\in\Zz.

The unpublished papers [Crowley&Skopenkov2016], [Crowley&Skopenkov2016a] prove that

  • any PS embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 represents [\tau(l,b)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3) for some l,b\in\Z.
  • any smooth embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 represents \tau(l,b)\#a for some l,b\in\Z and a\in E^7(S^4).

Example 2.4 (The Lambrechts torus). There is an embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 whose complement is not homotopy equivalent to the complement of the standard embedding.

I learned this simple construction from P. Lambrechts. Take the Hopf fibration S^3\to S^7\overset{\nu}\to S^4. Take the Hopf linking h:S^1\sqcup S^2\to S^4 [Skopenkov2016h, Example 2.1]. Then

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Figure 1: Three intersecting disks spanning Borromean rings; a torus with a hole spanning one of the rings and disjoint from the spanning disks of the other two rings
The last homotopy equivalence is proved in a more general form
Tex syntax error
for m\ge p+q+3 by induction on p\ge0 using the following observation: if f:N\to S^n is an embedding, then
Tex syntax error
.

(I conjecture that \nu^{-1}h(S^1)=\tau^1(S^1\times S^3).)

Figure 2: The Haefliger torus S^{2k}\times S^{2k}\to S^{6k+1}

Example 2.5 (the Haefliger torus). There is a PL embedding S^2\times S^2\to S^7 which is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding.

Take the Haefliger trefoil knot S^3\to S^6 [Skopenkov2016t, Example 2.1]. Extend it to a PL conical embedding D^4\to D^7_-. By [Haefliger1962, \S4.2] the trefoil knot also extends to a proper smooth embedding into D^7_+ of the punctured torus (or disk with handle), see Figure 1. These two extensions together form the required PL embedding S^2\times S^2\to S^7, see Figure 2 for k=1. By [Boechat&Haefliger1970, p.165] this PL embedding is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding.

For a higher-dimensional generalization see [Boechat1971, 6.2].

3 Embeddings of the complex projective plane

Example 3.1 [Boechat&Haefliger1970, p.164]. There is an embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7.

Recall that \Cc P^2_0 is the mapping cylinder of the Hopf fibration \eta:S^3\to S^2. Recall that S^6=S^2*S^3. Define an embedding f:\Cc P^2_0\to S^6 by f[(x,t)]:=[(x,\eta(x),t)], where x\in S^3. In other words, the segment joining x\in S^3 and \eta(x)\in S^2 is mapped onto the arc in S^6 joining x to \eta(x). Clearly, the boundary 3-sphere of \Cc P^2_0 is standardly embedded into S^6. Hence f extends to an embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7.

Theorem 3.2. (a) There is only one embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 up to isotopy and a hyperplane reflection of \Rr^7. In other words, there are exactly two isotopy classes of embeddings \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 (differing by composition with a hyperplane reflection of \Rr^7).

(b) For any pair of embeddings f:\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 and g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is isotopic to f.

(c) The Boechat-Haefliger invariant (defined below) is an injection E^7_{PL}(\Cc P^2)\to H_2(\Cc P^2)\cong\Z whose image is the set of odd integeres. However, any PL embedding whose Boechat-Haefliger is different from \pm1 is not smoothable.

Parts (a) and (b) are proved in [Skopenkov2005, Triviality Theorem (a)] (they also follow by Theorem 5.3 below). Part (c) follows by [Boechat&Haefliger1970, Theorems 1.6 and 2.1].

4 The Boechat-Haefliger invariant

We give definitions in more generality because this is natural and is required for 3-manifolds in 6-space [Skopenkov2016t]. Let N be a closed connected orientable n-manifold and f:N\to\Rr^m an embedding. Fix an orientation on N and an orientation on \Rr^m.

Definition 4.1. The composition

\displaystyle  H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial)\overset\partial\to H_s(\partial C_f)\overset{\nu_f}\to H_s(N)

of the boundary map \partial and the projection \nu_f is an isomorphism. This is well-known, see [Skopenkov2008, \S2, the Alexander Duality Lemma]. The inverse A_{f,s} to this composition is `the homology Alexander Duality isomorphism'; it equals to the composition H_s(N)\to H^{6-s}(C_f)\to H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial) of the cohomology Alexander and Poincaré duality isomorphisms.

This is not to be confused with another well-known homology Alexander duality isomorphism \widehat A_f:H_s(N)\to H_{s+m-n-1}(C) [Skopenkov2005, Alexander Duality Lemma 4.6].

Definition 4.2. A `homology Seifert surface' for f is the image A_{f,n}[N]\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial) of the fundamental class [N].

Denote by \cap the intersection products H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{m-n-1}(C_f)\to\Z and H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\to H_{2n+2-m}(C_f,\partial).

Remark 4.3. Take a small oriented disk D^{m-n}_f\subset\Rr^m whose intersection with f(N) consists of exactly one point of sign +1 and such that \partial D^{m-n}_f\subset\partial C_f. A homology Seifert surface Y\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial) for f is uniquely defined by the condition Y\cap [\partial D^{m-n}_f]=1.

Definition 4.4. Define `the Boechat-Haefliger invariant' of f

\displaystyle  \varkappa(f):=A_{f,2n+1-m}^{-1}\left(A_{f,n}[N]\cap A_{f,n}[N]\right)\in H_{2n+1-m}(N).

Clearly, a map \varkappa:E^m(N)\to H_{2n+1-m}(N) is well-defined by \varkappa([f]):=\varkappa(f).

Remark 4.5. (a) If m=2n=6, then \varkappa(f)-\varkappa(f_0)=\pm2W(f,f_0) for any two embeddings f,f_0:N\to\Rr^m [Skopenkov2008, \S2, The Boechat-Haefliger Invariant Lemma]. Here W is the Whitney invariant [Skopenkov2016e, \S5], [Skopenkov2006, \S2]. We conjecture that this holds when m-n is odd and that \varkappa(f)=\varkappa(f_0) when m-n is even.

(b) Definition 4.4 is equivalent to the original one for m=2n-1=7 [Boechat&Haefliger1970] by [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Section Lemma 3.1]. Earlier notation for \varkappa(f) was w_f [Boechat&Haefliger1970], BH(f) [Skopenkov2005] and \aleph(f) [Crowley&Skopenkov2008].

5 Classification

We use Stiefel-Whitney characteristic classes w_2 and (for non-orientable 4-manifolds) \overline w_3.

Theorem 5.1. (a) Any closed orientable 4-manifold embeds into \Rr^7.

(b) A closed 4-manifold N embeds into \Rr^7 if and only if \overline w_3(N)=0.

The PL version of (a) was proved in [Hirsch1965]. It was noticed in [Fuquan1994, p. 447] that the smooth version of (a) easily follows from Theorem 5.3.a below by [Donaldson1987]. (The smooth version of (a) also follows from (b) because \overline w_3=0 for orientable 4-manifolds [Massey1960].) The smooth version of (b) is [Fuquan1994, Main Theorem A]. The PL version of (b) follows from the smooth version by the second paragraph of Remark 1.1. A simpler proof of the PL versions of (b) is given as the proof of [Skopenkov1997, Corollary 1.3.a] (for specialists recall that \overline w_3(N)=0\Leftrightarrow\overline W_3(N)=0 for a closed 4-manifold N).

Any compact nonclosed 4-manifold embeds into \Rr^7. This follows by taking a 3-spine K of N, bringing a map N\to\R^7 to general position on K and restricting the obtained map to sufficiently thin neighborhood of K in N; this neighborhood is homeomorphic to N.

For the classical classification in the PL category which uses the assumption H_1(N)=0 see [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, Theorem 2.13].

Theorem 5.2. There is an isomorphism E^7_D(S^4)\cong\Zz_{12}.

This is stated in [Haefliger1966, the last line] and follows by [Haefliger1966, 4.11] and well-known fact \pi_5(G,O)=0 [Skopenkov2005, Lemma 3.1]. For alternative proofs see [Skopenkov2005, \S3, \S4] and [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.2.a].

Let N be a closed connected oriented 4-manifold.

Theorem 5.3. (a) [Boechat&Haefliger1970] The image
Tex syntax error
of the Boéchat-Haefliger invariant
\displaystyle \varkappa:E^7_D(N)\to H_2(N)
\displaystyle \text{is}\qquad \{u\in H_2(N)\ |\ u\equiv PDw_2(N)\mod2,\ u\cap u=\sigma(N)\}.
(b) [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Theorem 1.1] If H_1(N)=0, then for any
Tex syntax error
there is an injective invariant called the Kreck invariant,
\displaystyle \eta_u:\varkappa^{-1}(u)\to\Zz_{\gcd(u,24)}

whose image is the subset of even elements.

Here

  • PD:H^2(N)\to H_2(N) is Poincaré isomorphism.
  • \gcd(u,24) is the maximal integer k such that both u\in H_2(N) and 24 are divisible by k.
Thus \eta_u is surjective if u is not divisible by 2. Note that
Tex syntax error
is divisible by 2 (for some u or, equivalently, for any u) if and only if N is spin.

If H_1(N)=0, then all isotopy classes of embeddings N\to\Rr^6 can be constructed from a certain given embedding using unlinked and linked embedded connected sum with embeddings S^4\to\Rr^7 [Skopenkov2016c], [Skopenkov2016e].

For a classification when H_1(N)\ne0 see [Crowley&Skopenkov2016] and [Crowley&Skopenkov2016a].

Corollary 5.4 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.2]). (a) There are exactly twelve isotopy classes of embeddings N\to\Rr^7 if N is an integral homology 4-sphere (cf. Theorem 5.2).

(b) Identify H_2(S^2\times S^2) = \Z^2 using the standard basis. For any integer u there are exactly \gcd(u,12) isotopy classes of embeddings f:S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7 with \varkappa(f)=(2u,0), and the same holds for those with \varkappa(f)=(0,2u). Other values of \Zz^2 are not in the image of \varkappa.

Addendum 5.5 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Addendum 1.3]). If H_1(N)=0 and f:N\to\Rr^7, g:S^4\to\Rr^7 are embeddings, then

\displaystyle \varkappa(f\#g)=\varkappa(f)\quad\text{and}\quad\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f\#g]\equiv\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f]+\eta_0[g]\mod\gcd(\varkappa(f),24).

The following corollary gives examples where the embedded connected sum action of E^7_D(S^4) on E^7_D(N) is trivial and where it is effective.

Corollary 5.6 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.4]). (a) Take an integer u and the Hudson torus f_u:=\Hud_{7,4,2}(u):S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7 defined in Remark 3.5.d of [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, Example 2.10]. If u=6k\pm1, then for any embedding g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f_u\#g is isotopic to f_u. Moreover, for any integer u the number of isotopy classes of embeddings f_u\#g is \gcd(u,12).

(b) If H_1(N)=0 and \sigma(N) is not divisible by the square of an integer s\ge2. Then for any pair of embeddings f:N\to\Rr^7 and g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is isotopic to f; in other words, \varkappa is injective.

(c) If H_1(N)=0 and f(N)\subset\Rr^6 for an embedding f:N\to\Rr^7, then for every embedding g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is not isotopic to f.

We remark that Corollary 5.6(b) was first proved in [Skopenkov2005] independently of Theorem 5.3.

6 References

.2]{Mandelbaum1980}, we may consider a smooth 4-manifold as a PL 4-manifold. A map of a smooth manifold is 'piecewise smooth (PS)' if it is smooth on every simplex of some triangulation of the manifold. Clearly, every smooth or PL map is PS. For a smooth manifold $N$ let $E^m_{PS}(N)$ be the set of PS embeddings $N\to\R^m$ up to PS isotopy. The forgetful map $E^m_{PL}(N)\to E^m_{PS}(N)$ is 1-1 \cite[2.4]{Haefliger1967}. So a description of $E^m_{PS}(N)$ is equivalent to a description of $E^m_{PL}(N)$. {{endthm}} == Examples of knotted tori== ; The Hudson tori $\Hud_{7,4,2}(a):S^2\times S^2\to S^7$ and $\Hud_{7,4,1}(a):S^1\times S^3\to S^7$ are defined for an integer $a$ in [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#Hudson_tori|Remark 3.5.d]] of \cite{Skopenkov2016e} or in \cite[Example 2.10]{Skopenkov2006}. Define $D^m_+,D^m_-\subset S^m$ by the equations $x_1\ge0$ and $x_1\le0$, respectively. {{beginthm|Example|(Spinning construction)}}\label{artin} For an embedding $g:S^3\to D^6$ denote by $Sg$ the embedding $$S^1\times S^3\xrightarrow{g\times\id S^1} D^6\times S^1\xrightarrow{{\rm i}_{7,1}}S^7.$$ {{endthm}} The restriction of $Sg$ to $D^1_+\times S^3$ is isotopic to (the restriction to $D^1_+\times S^3$ of) the standard embedding. We conjecture that if $t:S^3\to D^6$ is [[3-manifolds_in_6-space#Examples|the Haefliger trefoil knot]] \cite[Example 2.1]{Skopenkov2016t}, then $St$ is not smoothly isotopic to the connected sum of the standard embedding and any embedding $S^4\to S^7$. The following Examples \ref{quat} and \ref{tau} appear in \cite[$\S]{Skopenkov2002}, \cite[$\S]{Skopenkov2006} but could be known earlier. {{beginthm|Example}}\label{quat} Two embeddings $\tau^1,\tau^2:S^1\times S^3\to S^7$ are defined as compositions $$S^1\times S^3\xrightarrow{{\rm pr}_2\times t^k} S^3\times S^3\xrightarrow{{\rm i}_{7,3}} S^7,$$ where $k=1,2$ and maps $t^k:S^1\times S^3\to S^3$ are defined below. We shall see that $t^k|_{S^1\times y}$ is an embedding for any $y\in S^3$ and $k=1,2$, hence $\tau^1$ and $\tau^2$ are embeddings. Define $t^1(s,y):=sy$, where $S^3$ is identified with the set of unit length quaternions and $S^1\subset S^3$ with the set of unit length complex numbers. Define $t^2(e^{i\theta},y):=\eta(y)\cos\theta+\sin\theta$, where $\eta:S^3\to S^2$ is the Hopf fibration and $S^2$ is identified with the 2-sphere formed by unit length quaternions of the form $ai+bj+ck$. {{endthm}} It would be interesting to know if $\tau^2$ is PS or smoothly isotopic to the Hudson torus $\Hud_{7,4,1}(1)$. Example \ref{quat} can be generalized as follows. {{beginthm|Example}}\label{tau} Define a map $\tau \colon \Z^2 \to E^7(S^1 \times S^3)$. Take a smooth map $\alpha:S^3\to V_{4,2}$. Assuming that $V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^2$, we have $\alpha(x) = (\alpha_1(x), \alpha_2(x))$. Define the adjunction map $\R^2 \times S^3 \to \R^4$ by $((s, t), x) \mapsto \alpha_1(x)s + \alpha_2(x)t$. (Assuming that $V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^{\R^2}$, this map is obtained from $\alpha$ by the exponential law.) Denote by $\overline\alpha:S^1\times S^3\to S^3$ the restriction of the adjunction map. We define the embedding $\tau_\alpha$ to be the composition $$S^1\times S^3 \xrightarrow{\overline\alpha\times{\rm pr}_2} S^3\times S^3 \xrightarrow{{\rm i}_{7,3}} S^7.$$ We define the map $\tau$ by $\tau(l, b):=[\tau_{\alpha}]$, where $\alpha\colon S^3 \to V_{4, 2}$ represents $(l, b) \in \pi_3(V_{4, 2})$ (for the standard identification $\pi_3(V_{4, 2})=\Zz^2$). {{endthm}} Clearly, $[\tau^1]=\tau(1,0)$ and $[\tau^2]=\tau(0,1)$. See [[Knotted_tori#Examples|a generalization]] in \cite{Skopenkov2016k}. It would be interesting to know if $\tau(l,b)=\tau(l,b+2l)$ or $[\tau(l,b)]=[\tau(l,b+2l)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3)$ for any $b,l\in\Zz$. The unpublished papers \cite{Crowley&Skopenkov2016}, \cite{Crowley&Skopenkov2016a} prove that * any PS embedding $S^1\times S^3\to S^7$ represents $[\tau(l,b)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3)$ for some $l,b\in\Z$. * any smooth embedding $S^1\times S^3\to S^7$ represents $\tau(l,b)\#a$ for some $l,b\in\Z$ and $a\in E^7(S^4)$. {{beginthm|Example|(The Lambrechts torus)}}\label{lamb} There is an embedding $S^1\times S^3\to S^7$ whose complement is not homotopy equivalent to the complement of the standard embedding. I learned this simple construction from P. Lambrechts. Take the Hopf fibration $S^3\to S^7\overset{\nu}\to S^4$. Take [[High_codimension_links#Examples|the Hopf linking]] $h:S^1\sqcup S^2\to S^4$ \cite[Example 2.1]{Skopenkov2016h}. Then $$\nu^{-1}h(S^1)\cong S^1\times S^3\quad\text{and}\quad S^7-\nu^{-1}h(S^1)\sim \nu^{-1}h(S^2)\cong S^2\times S^3\not\sim S^2\vee S^3\vee S^5\sim S^7-{\rm i}_{7,3}(S^1\times S^3).$$ [[Image:37a.jpg|thumb|300px|Figure 1: Three intersecting disks spanning Borromean rings; a torus with a hole spanning one of the rings and disjoint from the spanning disks of the other two rings]] The last homotopy equivalence is proved in a more general form $S^m-{\rm i}_{m,q}(S^p\times S^q)\sim S^{m-p-1}\vee S^{m-q-1}\vee S^{m-p-q-1}$ for $m\ge p+q+3$ by induction on $p\ge0$ using the following observation: if $f:N\to S^n$ is an embedding, then $C_{{\rm i}\circ f}\sim\Sigma C_f$. (I conjecture that $\nu^{-1}h(S^1)=\tau^1(S^1\times S^3)$.) {{endthm}} [[Image:37b.jpg|thumb|300px|Figure 2: The Haefliger torus $S^{2k}\times S^{2k}\to S^{6k+1}$]] {{beginthm|Example|(the Haefliger torus)}}\label{s2s2} There is a PL embedding $S^2\times S^2\to S^7$ which is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding. Take [[3-manifolds_in_6-space#Examples|the Haefliger trefoil knot]] $S^3\to S^6$ \cite[Example 2.1]{Skopenkov2016t}. Extend it to a PL conical embedding $D^4\to D^7_-$. By \cite[$\S.2]{Haefliger1962} the trefoil knot also extends to a proper smooth embedding into $D^7_+$ of the punctured torus (or disk with handle), see Figure 1. These two extensions together form the required PL embedding $S^2\times S^2\to S^7$, see Figure 2 for $k=1$. By \cite[p.165]{Boechat&Haefliger1970} this PL embedding is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding. For a higher-dimensional generalization see \cite[6.2]{Boechat1971}. {{endthm}} == Embeddings of the complex projective plane== ; {{beginthm|Example|\cite[p.164]{Boechat&Haefliger1970}}}\label{ecp2} There is an embedding $\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7$. Recall that $\Cc P^2_0$ is the mapping cylinder of the Hopf fibration $\eta:S^3\to S^2$. Recall that $S^6=S^2*S^3$. Define an embedding $f:\Cc P^2_0\to S^6$ by $f[(x,t)]:=[(x,\eta(x),t)]$, where $x\in S^3$. In other words, the segment joining $x\in S^3$ and $\eta(x)\in S^2$ is mapped onto the arc in $S^6$ joining $x$ to $\eta(x)$. Clearly, the boundary 3-sphere of $\Cc P^2_0$ is standardly embedded into $S^6$. Hence $f$ extends to an embedding $\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7$. {{endthm}} {{beginthm|Theorem}}\label{cp2} (a) There is only one embedding $\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7$ up to isotopy and a hyperplane reflection of $\Rr^7$. In other words, there are exactly two isotopy classes of embeddings $\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7$ (differing by composition with a hyperplane reflection of $\Rr^7$). (b) For any pair of embeddings $f:\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7$ and $g:S^4\to\Rr^7$ the embedding $f\#g$ is isotopic to $f$. (c) The Boechat-Haefliger invariant (defined below) is an injection $E^7_{PL}(\Cc P^2)\to H_2(\Cc P^2)\cong\Z$ whose image is the set of odd integeres. However, any PL embedding whose Boechat-Haefliger is different from $\pm1$ is not smoothable. {{endthm}} Parts (a) and (b) are proved in \cite[Triviality Theorem (a)]{Skopenkov2005} (they also follow by [[#Classification|Theorem \ref{clth4}]] below). Part (c) follows by \cite[Theorems 1.6 and 2.1]{Boechat&Haefliger1970}. == The Boechat-Haefliger invariant == ; We give definitions in more generality because this is natural and is required for [[3-manifolds_in_6-space|3-manifolds in 6-space]] \cite{Skopenkov2016t}. Let $N$ be a closed connected orientable $n$-manifold and $f:N\to\Rr^m$ an embedding. Fix an orientation on $N$ and an orientation on $\Rr^m$. {{beginthm|Definition}}\label{d:ad} The composition $$ H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial)\overset\partial\to H_s(\partial C_f)\overset{\nu_f}\to H_s(N) $$ of the boundary map $\partial$ and the projection $\nu_f$ is an isomorphism. This is well-known, see \cite[$\S, the Alexander Duality Lemma]{Skopenkov2008}. The inverse $A_{f,s}$ to this composition is `the homology Alexander Duality isomorphism'; it equals to the composition $H_s(N)\to H^{6-s}(C_f)\to H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial)$ of the cohomology Alexander and Poincaré duality isomorphisms. This is not to be confused with another well-known homology Alexander duality isomorphism $\widehat A_f:H_s(N)\to H_{s+m-n-1}(C)$ \cite[Alexander Duality Lemma 4.6]{Skopenkov2005}. {{endthm}} {{beginthm|Definition}}\label{d:ad} A `homology Seifert surface' for $f$ is the image $A_{f,n}[N]\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)$ of the fundamental class $[N]$. {{endthm}} Denote by $\cap$ the [[Intersection_form|intersection products]] $H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{m-n-1}(C_f)\to\Z$ and $H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\to H_{2n+2-m}(C_f,\partial)$. {{beginthm|Remark}}\label{r:hss} Take a small oriented disk $D^{m-n}_f\subset\Rr^m$ whose intersection with $f(N)$ consists of exactly one point of sign $+1$ and such that $\partial D^{m-n}_f\subset\partial C_f$. A homology Seifert surface $Y\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)$ for $f$ is uniquely defined by the condition $Y\cap [\partial D^{m-n}_f]=1$. {{endthm}} {{beginthm|Definition}}\label{dbh} Define `the Boechat-Haefliger invariant' of $f$ $$ \varkappa(f):=A_{f,2n+1-m}^{-1}\left(A_{f,n}[N]\cap A_{f,n}[N]\right)\in H_{2n+1-m}(N). $$ Clearly, a map $\varkappa:E^m(N)\to H_{2n+1-m}(N)$ is well-defined by $\varkappa([f]):=\varkappa(f)$. {{endthm}} {{beginthm|Remark}} (a) If $m=2n=6$, then $\varkappa(f)-\varkappa(f_0)=\pm2W(f,f_0)$ for any two embeddings $f,f_0:N\to\Rr^m$ \cite[$\S, The Boechat-Haefliger Invariant Lemma]{Skopenkov2008}. Here $W$ is [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range#The Whitney invariant|the Whitney invariant]] \cite[$\S]{Skopenkov2016e}, \cite[$\S]{Skopenkov2006}. We conjecture that this holds when $m-n$ is odd and that $\varkappa(f)=\varkappa(f_0)$ when $m-n$ is even. (b) Definition \ref{dbh} is equivalent to the original one for $m=2n-1=7$ \cite{Boechat&Haefliger1970} by \cite[Section Lemma 3.1]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008}. Earlier notation for $\varkappa(f)$ was $w_f$ \cite{Boechat&Haefliger1970}, $BH(f)$ \cite{Skopenkov2005} and $\aleph(f)$ \cite{Crowley&Skopenkov2008}. {{endthm}} == Classification == ; We use [[Stiefel-Whitney_characteristic_classes|Stiefel-Whitney characteristic classes]] $w_2$ and (for non-orientable 4-manifolds) $\overline w_3$. {{beginthm|Theorem}}\label{exi} (a) Any closed orientable 4-manifold embeds into $\Rr^7$. (b) A closed 4-manifold $N$ embeds into $\Rr^7$ if and only if $\overline w_3(N)=0$. {{endthm}} The PL version of (a) was proved in \cite{Hirsch1965}. It was noticed in \cite[p. 447]{Fuquan1994} that the smooth version of (a) easily follows from Theorem \ref{clth4}.a below by \cite{Donaldson1987}. (The smooth version of (a) also follows from (b) because $\overline w_3=0$ for orientable 4-manifolds \cite{Massey1960}.) The smooth version of (b) is \cite[Main Theorem A]{Fuquan1994}. The PL version of (b) follows from the smooth version by the second paragraph of Remark \ref{r:plps}. A simpler proof of the PL versions of (b) is given as the proof of \cite[Corollary 1.3.a]{Skopenkov1997} (for specialists recall that $\overline w_3(N)=0\Leftrightarrow\overline W_3(N)=0$ for a closed 4-manifold $N$). Any compact nonclosed 4-manifold embeds into $\Rr^7$. This follows by taking a 3-spine $K$ of $N$, bringing a map $N\to\R^7$ to general position on $K$ and restricting the obtained map to sufficiently thin neighborhood of $K$ in $N$; this neighborhood is homeomorphic to $N$. For the classical [[Embeddings just below the stable range: classification#Classification_just_below_the_stable_range|classification in the PL category]] which uses the assumption $H_1(N)=0$ see \cite{Skopenkov2016e}, \cite[Theorem 2.13]{Skopenkov2006}. {{beginthm|Theorem}} \label{hae4} There is an isomorphism $E^7_D(S^4)\cong\Zz_{12}$. {{endthm}} This is stated in \cite[the last line]{Haefliger1966} and follows by \cite[4.11]{Haefliger1966} and well-known fact $\pi_5(G,O)=0$ \cite[Lemma 3.1]{Skopenkov2005}. For alternative proofs see \cite[$\S3$, $\S4$]{Skopenkov2005} and \cite[Corollary 1.2.a]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008}. Let $N$ be a closed connected oriented 4-manifold. {{beginthm|Theorem}}\label{clth4} (a) \cite{Boechat&Haefliger1970} The image ${\rm im}\varkappa$ of the [[#The_Boechat-Haefliger_invariant|Boéchat-Haefliger invariant]] $$\varkappa:E^7_D(N)\to H_2(N)$$ $$\text{is}\qquad \{u\in H_2(N)\ |\ u\equiv PDw_2(N)\mod2,\ u\cap u=\sigma(N)\}.$$ (b) \cite[Theorem 1.1]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008} If $H_1(N)=0$, then for any $u\in{\rm im}\varkappa$ there is an injective invariant called the Kreck invariant, $$\eta_u:\varkappa^{-1}(u)\to\Zz_{\gcd(u,24)}$$ whose image is the subset of even elements. {{endthm}} Here * $PD:H^2(N)\to H_2(N)$ is Poincaré isomorphism. * $\cap:H_2(N)\times H_2(N)\to\Z$ is the [[Intersection form|intersection form]] and $\sigma(N)$ its [[Intersection_form#Definition_of_signature|signature]]. * $\gcd(u,24)$ is the maximal integer $k$ such that both $u\in H_2(N)$ and 24 are divisible by $k$. * $\eta_u$ is defined in \cite{Crowley&Skopenkov2008}. Thus $\eta_u$ is surjective if $u$ is not divisible by 2. Note that $u\in{\rm im}\varkappa$ is divisible by 2 (for some $u$ or, equivalently, for any $u$) if and only if $N$ is spin. If $H_1(N)=0$, then all isotopy classes of embeddings $N\to\Rr^6$ can be constructed from a certain given embedding using [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Embedded_connected_sum |unlinked]] and [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#Action_by_linked_embedded_connected_sum|linked]] embedded connected sum with embeddings $S^4\to\Rr^7$ \cite{Skopenkov2016c}, \cite{Skopenkov2016e}. For a classification when $H_1(N)\ne0$ see \cite{Crowley&Skopenkov2016} and \cite{Crowley&Skopenkov2016a}. {{beginthm|Corollary|(\cite[Corollary 1.2]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008})}}\label{coclth4} (a) There are exactly twelve isotopy classes of embeddings $N\to\Rr^7$ if $N$ is an integral homology 4-sphere (cf. Theorem \ref{hae4}). (b) Identify $H_2(S^2\times S^2) = \Z^2$ using the standard basis. For any integer $u$ there are exactly $\gcd(u,12)$ isotopy classes of embeddings $f:S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7$ with $\varkappa(f)=(2u,0)$, and the same holds for those with $\varkappa(f)=(0,2u)$. Other values of $\Zz^2$ are not in the image of $\varkappa$. {{endthm}} {{beginthm|Addendum|(\cite[Addendum 1.3]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008})}}\label{ad4} If $H_1(N)=0$ and $f:N\to\Rr^7$, $g:S^4\to\Rr^7$ are embeddings, then $$\varkappa(f\#g)=\varkappa(f)\quad\text{and}\quad\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f\#g]\equiv\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f]+\eta_0[g]\mod\gcd(\varkappa(f),24).$$ {{endthm}} The following corollary gives examples where the embedded connected sum action of $E^7_D(S^4)$ on $E^7_D(N)$ is trivial and where it is effective. {{beginthm|Corollary|(\cite[Corollary 1.4]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008})}}\label{corclth4} (a) Take an integer $u$ and the Hudson torus $f_u:=\Hud_{7,4,2}(u):S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7$ defined in [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#Hudson_tori|Remark 3.5.d]] of \cite{Skopenkov2016e}, \cite[Example 2.10]{Skopenkov2006}. If $u=6k\pm1$, then for any embedding $g:S^4\to\Rr^7$ the embedding $f_u\#g$ is isotopic to $f_u$. Moreover, for any integer $u$ the number of isotopy classes of embeddings $f_u\#g$ is $\gcd(u,12)$. (b) If $H_1(N)=0$ and $\sigma(N)$ is not divisible by the square of an integer $s\ge2$. Then for any pair of embeddings $f:N\to\Rr^7$ and $g:S^4\to\Rr^7$ the embedding $f\#g$ is isotopic to $f$; in other words, $\varkappa$ is injective. (c) If $H_1(N)=0$ and $f(N)\subset\Rr^6$ for an embedding $f:N\to\Rr^7$, then for every embedding $g:S^4\to\Rr^7$ the embedding $f\#g$ is not isotopic to $f$. {{endthm}} We remark that Corollary \ref{corclth4}(b) was first proved in \cite{Skopenkov2005} independently of Theorem \ref{clth4}. == References == {{#RefList:}} [[Category:Manifolds]] [[Category:Embeddings of manifolds]]n-manifolds in (2n-1)-space which are discussed in [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, \S2.4 `The Whitney invariant']. In this page we concentrate on more advanced classification results peculiar for n=4.

For a general introduction to embeddings as well as the notation and conventions used on this page, we refer to [Skopenkov2016c, \S1, \S3]. Unless specified otherwise, we work in the smooth category. For the definition of the embedded connected sum \# of embeddings of closed connected 4-manifolds N in 7-space and for the corresponding action of the group E^7_D(S^4) on the set E^7_D(N), see e.g. [Skopenkov2016c, \S4].

Remark 1.1 (PL and piecewise smooth embeddings). Any smooth manifold has a unique (up to PL homeomorphism) PL structure compatible with the given smooth structure [Milnor&Stasheff1974, Complement, Theorems 10.5 and 10.6]. Since also any PL 4-manifold admits a unique smooth structure [Mandelbaum1980, \S1.2], we may consider a smooth 4-manifold as a PL 4-manifold.

A map of a smooth manifold is 'piecewise smooth (PS)' if it is smooth on every simplex of some triangulation of the manifold. Clearly, every smooth or PL map is PS.

For a smooth manifold N let E^m_{PS}(N) be the set of PS embeddings N\to\R^m up to PS isotopy. The forgetful map E^m_{PL}(N)\to E^m_{PS}(N) is 1-1 [Haefliger1967, 2.4]. So a description of E^m_{PS}(N) is equivalent to a description of E^m_{PL}(N).

2 Examples of knotted tori

The Hudson tori \Hud_{7,4,2}(a):S^2\times S^2\to S^7 and \Hud_{7,4,1}(a):S^1\times S^3\to S^7 are defined for an integer a in Remark 3.5.d of [Skopenkov2016e] or in [Skopenkov2006, Example 2.10].

Define D^m_+,D^m_-\subset S^m by the equations x_1\ge0 and x_1\le0, respectively.

Example 2.1 (Spinning construction). For an embedding g:S^3\to D^6 denote by Sg the embedding

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The restriction of Sg to D^1_+\times S^3 is isotopic to (the restriction to D^1_+\times S^3 of) the standard embedding. We conjecture that if t:S^3\to D^6 is the Haefliger trefoil knot [Skopenkov2016t, Example 2.1], then St is not smoothly isotopic to the connected sum of the standard embedding and any embedding S^4\to S^7.

The following Examples 2.2 and 2.3 appear in [Skopenkov2002, \S6], [Skopenkov2006, \S6] but could be known earlier.

Example 2.2. Two embeddings \tau^1,\tau^2:S^1\times S^3\to S^7 are defined as compositions

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where k=1,2 and maps t^k:S^1\times S^3\to S^3 are defined below. We shall see that t^k|_{S^1\times y} is an embedding for any y\in S^3 and k=1,2, hence \tau^1 and \tau^2 are embeddings.

Define t^1(s,y):=sy, where S^3 is identified with the set of unit length quaternions and S^1\subset S^3 with the set of unit length complex numbers.

Define t^2(e^{i\theta},y):=\eta(y)\cos\theta+\sin\theta, where \eta:S^3\to S^2 is the Hopf fibration and S^2 is identified with the 2-sphere formed by unit length quaternions of the form ai+bj+ck.

It would be interesting to know if \tau^2 is PS or smoothly isotopic to the Hudson torus \Hud_{7,4,1}(1).

Example 2.2 can be generalized as follows.

Example 2.3. Define a map \tau \colon \Z^2 \to E^7(S^1 \times S^3). Take a smooth map \alpha:S^3\to V_{4,2}. Assuming that V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^2, we have \alpha(x) = (\alpha_1(x), \alpha_2(x)). Define the adjunction map \R^2 \times S^3 \to \R^4 by ((s, t), x) \mapsto \alpha_1(x)s + \alpha_2(x)t. (Assuming that V_{4, 2}\subset (\R^4)^{\R^2}, this map is obtained from \alpha by the exponential law.) Denote by \overline\alpha:S^1\times S^3\to S^3 the restriction of the adjunction map. We define the embedding \tau_\alpha to be the composition

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We define the map \tau by \tau(l, b):=[\tau_{\alpha}], where \alpha\colon S^3 \to V_{4, 2} represents (l, b) \in \pi_3(V_{4, 2}) (for the standard identification \pi_3(V_{4, 2})=\Zz^2).

Clearly, [\tau^1]=\tau(1,0) and [\tau^2]=\tau(0,1). See a generalization in [Skopenkov2016k].

It would be interesting to know if \tau(l,b)=\tau(l,b+2l) or [\tau(l,b)]=[\tau(l,b+2l)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3) for any b,l\in\Zz.

The unpublished papers [Crowley&Skopenkov2016], [Crowley&Skopenkov2016a] prove that

  • any PS embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 represents [\tau(l,b)]\in E_{PS}^7(S^1\times S^3) for some l,b\in\Z.
  • any smooth embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 represents \tau(l,b)\#a for some l,b\in\Z and a\in E^7(S^4).

Example 2.4 (The Lambrechts torus). There is an embedding S^1\times S^3\to S^7 whose complement is not homotopy equivalent to the complement of the standard embedding.

I learned this simple construction from P. Lambrechts. Take the Hopf fibration S^3\to S^7\overset{\nu}\to S^4. Take the Hopf linking h:S^1\sqcup S^2\to S^4 [Skopenkov2016h, Example 2.1]. Then

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Figure 1: Three intersecting disks spanning Borromean rings; a torus with a hole spanning one of the rings and disjoint from the spanning disks of the other two rings
The last homotopy equivalence is proved in a more general form
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for m\ge p+q+3 by induction on p\ge0 using the following observation: if f:N\to S^n is an embedding, then
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.

(I conjecture that \nu^{-1}h(S^1)=\tau^1(S^1\times S^3).)

Figure 2: The Haefliger torus S^{2k}\times S^{2k}\to S^{6k+1}

Example 2.5 (the Haefliger torus). There is a PL embedding S^2\times S^2\to S^7 which is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding.

Take the Haefliger trefoil knot S^3\to S^6 [Skopenkov2016t, Example 2.1]. Extend it to a PL conical embedding D^4\to D^7_-. By [Haefliger1962, \S4.2] the trefoil knot also extends to a proper smooth embedding into D^7_+ of the punctured torus (or disk with handle), see Figure 1. These two extensions together form the required PL embedding S^2\times S^2\to S^7, see Figure 2 for k=1. By [Boechat&Haefliger1970, p.165] this PL embedding is not PS isotopic to a smooth embedding.

For a higher-dimensional generalization see [Boechat1971, 6.2].

3 Embeddings of the complex projective plane

Example 3.1 [Boechat&Haefliger1970, p.164]. There is an embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7.

Recall that \Cc P^2_0 is the mapping cylinder of the Hopf fibration \eta:S^3\to S^2. Recall that S^6=S^2*S^3. Define an embedding f:\Cc P^2_0\to S^6 by f[(x,t)]:=[(x,\eta(x),t)], where x\in S^3. In other words, the segment joining x\in S^3 and \eta(x)\in S^2 is mapped onto the arc in S^6 joining x to \eta(x). Clearly, the boundary 3-sphere of \Cc P^2_0 is standardly embedded into S^6. Hence f extends to an embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7.

Theorem 3.2. (a) There is only one embedding \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 up to isotopy and a hyperplane reflection of \Rr^7. In other words, there are exactly two isotopy classes of embeddings \Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 (differing by composition with a hyperplane reflection of \Rr^7).

(b) For any pair of embeddings f:\Cc P^2\to\Rr^7 and g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is isotopic to f.

(c) The Boechat-Haefliger invariant (defined below) is an injection E^7_{PL}(\Cc P^2)\to H_2(\Cc P^2)\cong\Z whose image is the set of odd integeres. However, any PL embedding whose Boechat-Haefliger is different from \pm1 is not smoothable.

Parts (a) and (b) are proved in [Skopenkov2005, Triviality Theorem (a)] (they also follow by Theorem 5.3 below). Part (c) follows by [Boechat&Haefliger1970, Theorems 1.6 and 2.1].

4 The Boechat-Haefliger invariant

We give definitions in more generality because this is natural and is required for 3-manifolds in 6-space [Skopenkov2016t]. Let N be a closed connected orientable n-manifold and f:N\to\Rr^m an embedding. Fix an orientation on N and an orientation on \Rr^m.

Definition 4.1. The composition

\displaystyle  H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial)\overset\partial\to H_s(\partial C_f)\overset{\nu_f}\to H_s(N)

of the boundary map \partial and the projection \nu_f is an isomorphism. This is well-known, see [Skopenkov2008, \S2, the Alexander Duality Lemma]. The inverse A_{f,s} to this composition is `the homology Alexander Duality isomorphism'; it equals to the composition H_s(N)\to H^{6-s}(C_f)\to H_{s+1}(C_f,\partial) of the cohomology Alexander and Poincaré duality isomorphisms.

This is not to be confused with another well-known homology Alexander duality isomorphism \widehat A_f:H_s(N)\to H_{s+m-n-1}(C) [Skopenkov2005, Alexander Duality Lemma 4.6].

Definition 4.2. A `homology Seifert surface' for f is the image A_{f,n}[N]\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial) of the fundamental class [N].

Denote by \cap the intersection products H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{m-n-1}(C_f)\to\Z and H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\times H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial)\to H_{2n+2-m}(C_f,\partial).

Remark 4.3. Take a small oriented disk D^{m-n}_f\subset\Rr^m whose intersection with f(N) consists of exactly one point of sign +1 and such that \partial D^{m-n}_f\subset\partial C_f. A homology Seifert surface Y\in H_{n+1}(C_f,\partial) for f is uniquely defined by the condition Y\cap [\partial D^{m-n}_f]=1.

Definition 4.4. Define `the Boechat-Haefliger invariant' of f

\displaystyle  \varkappa(f):=A_{f,2n+1-m}^{-1}\left(A_{f,n}[N]\cap A_{f,n}[N]\right)\in H_{2n+1-m}(N).

Clearly, a map \varkappa:E^m(N)\to H_{2n+1-m}(N) is well-defined by \varkappa([f]):=\varkappa(f).

Remark 4.5. (a) If m=2n=6, then \varkappa(f)-\varkappa(f_0)=\pm2W(f,f_0) for any two embeddings f,f_0:N\to\Rr^m [Skopenkov2008, \S2, The Boechat-Haefliger Invariant Lemma]. Here W is the Whitney invariant [Skopenkov2016e, \S5], [Skopenkov2006, \S2]. We conjecture that this holds when m-n is odd and that \varkappa(f)=\varkappa(f_0) when m-n is even.

(b) Definition 4.4 is equivalent to the original one for m=2n-1=7 [Boechat&Haefliger1970] by [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Section Lemma 3.1]. Earlier notation for \varkappa(f) was w_f [Boechat&Haefliger1970], BH(f) [Skopenkov2005] and \aleph(f) [Crowley&Skopenkov2008].

5 Classification

We use Stiefel-Whitney characteristic classes w_2 and (for non-orientable 4-manifolds) \overline w_3.

Theorem 5.1. (a) Any closed orientable 4-manifold embeds into \Rr^7.

(b) A closed 4-manifold N embeds into \Rr^7 if and only if \overline w_3(N)=0.

The PL version of (a) was proved in [Hirsch1965]. It was noticed in [Fuquan1994, p. 447] that the smooth version of (a) easily follows from Theorem 5.3.a below by [Donaldson1987]. (The smooth version of (a) also follows from (b) because \overline w_3=0 for orientable 4-manifolds [Massey1960].) The smooth version of (b) is [Fuquan1994, Main Theorem A]. The PL version of (b) follows from the smooth version by the second paragraph of Remark 1.1. A simpler proof of the PL versions of (b) is given as the proof of [Skopenkov1997, Corollary 1.3.a] (for specialists recall that \overline w_3(N)=0\Leftrightarrow\overline W_3(N)=0 for a closed 4-manifold N).

Any compact nonclosed 4-manifold embeds into \Rr^7. This follows by taking a 3-spine K of N, bringing a map N\to\R^7 to general position on K and restricting the obtained map to sufficiently thin neighborhood of K in N; this neighborhood is homeomorphic to N.

For the classical classification in the PL category which uses the assumption H_1(N)=0 see [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, Theorem 2.13].

Theorem 5.2. There is an isomorphism E^7_D(S^4)\cong\Zz_{12}.

This is stated in [Haefliger1966, the last line] and follows by [Haefliger1966, 4.11] and well-known fact \pi_5(G,O)=0 [Skopenkov2005, Lemma 3.1]. For alternative proofs see [Skopenkov2005, \S3, \S4] and [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.2.a].

Let N be a closed connected oriented 4-manifold.

Theorem 5.3. (a) [Boechat&Haefliger1970] The image
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of the Boéchat-Haefliger invariant
\displaystyle \varkappa:E^7_D(N)\to H_2(N)
\displaystyle \text{is}\qquad \{u\in H_2(N)\ |\ u\equiv PDw_2(N)\mod2,\ u\cap u=\sigma(N)\}.
(b) [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Theorem 1.1] If H_1(N)=0, then for any
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there is an injective invariant called the Kreck invariant,
\displaystyle \eta_u:\varkappa^{-1}(u)\to\Zz_{\gcd(u,24)}

whose image is the subset of even elements.

Here

  • PD:H^2(N)\to H_2(N) is Poincaré isomorphism.
  • \gcd(u,24) is the maximal integer k such that both u\in H_2(N) and 24 are divisible by k.
Thus \eta_u is surjective if u is not divisible by 2. Note that
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is divisible by 2 (for some u or, equivalently, for any u) if and only if N is spin.

If H_1(N)=0, then all isotopy classes of embeddings N\to\Rr^6 can be constructed from a certain given embedding using unlinked and linked embedded connected sum with embeddings S^4\to\Rr^7 [Skopenkov2016c], [Skopenkov2016e].

For a classification when H_1(N)\ne0 see [Crowley&Skopenkov2016] and [Crowley&Skopenkov2016a].

Corollary 5.4 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.2]). (a) There are exactly twelve isotopy classes of embeddings N\to\Rr^7 if N is an integral homology 4-sphere (cf. Theorem 5.2).

(b) Identify H_2(S^2\times S^2) = \Z^2 using the standard basis. For any integer u there are exactly \gcd(u,12) isotopy classes of embeddings f:S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7 with \varkappa(f)=(2u,0), and the same holds for those with \varkappa(f)=(0,2u). Other values of \Zz^2 are not in the image of \varkappa.

Addendum 5.5 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Addendum 1.3]). If H_1(N)=0 and f:N\to\Rr^7, g:S^4\to\Rr^7 are embeddings, then

\displaystyle \varkappa(f\#g)=\varkappa(f)\quad\text{and}\quad\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f\#g]\equiv\eta_{\varkappa(f)}[f]+\eta_0[g]\mod\gcd(\varkappa(f),24).

The following corollary gives examples where the embedded connected sum action of E^7_D(S^4) on E^7_D(N) is trivial and where it is effective.

Corollary 5.6 ([Crowley&Skopenkov2008, Corollary 1.4]). (a) Take an integer u and the Hudson torus f_u:=\Hud_{7,4,2}(u):S^2\times S^2\to\Rr^7 defined in Remark 3.5.d of [Skopenkov2016e], [Skopenkov2006, Example 2.10]. If u=6k\pm1, then for any embedding g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f_u\#g is isotopic to f_u. Moreover, for any integer u the number of isotopy classes of embeddings f_u\#g is \gcd(u,12).

(b) If H_1(N)=0 and \sigma(N) is not divisible by the square of an integer s\ge2. Then for any pair of embeddings f:N\to\Rr^7 and g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is isotopic to f; in other words, \varkappa is injective.

(c) If H_1(N)=0 and f(N)\subset\Rr^6 for an embedding f:N\to\Rr^7, then for every embedding g:S^4\to\Rr^7 the embedding f\#g is not isotopic to f.

We remark that Corollary 5.6(b) was first proved in [Skopenkov2005] independently of Theorem 5.3.

6 References

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