Knotted tori
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− | <wikitex> | + | {{Stub}} |
− | Many interesting examples of embeddings are embeddings $S^p\times S^q\to\Rr^m$, i.e. ''knotted tori''. | + | == Introduction == |
+ | <wikitex>; | ||
+ | By a ``torus`` we mean a product of spheres $S^p \times S^q$, regarded as a closed manifold. Many interesting examples of embeddings are embeddings $S^p\times S^q\to\Rr^m$, i.e. ''knotted tori''. For examples, see [[Embeddings just below the stable range: classification#Examples|Hudson tori]], \cite{Alexander1924}, \cite{Kosinski1961}, \cite{Hudson1963}, \cite{Wall1965}, \cite{Tindell1969}, \cite{Boechat&Haefliger1970}, \cite{Boechat1971}, \cite{Milgram&Rees1971}, \cite{Lucas&Saeki2002}, \cite{Skopenkov2002}. Classifying knotted tori is a natural next step (after the classification of links \cite{Haefliger1966a} and the [[Embeddings just below the stable range: classification#A generalization to highly-connected manifolds|classification of embeddings of highly-connected manifolds]]) towards the classification of embeddings of arbitrary manifolds. Since the general [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Introduction|Knotting Problem]] is very hard, it is interesting to solve it for the important special case of knotted tori. Recent classification results for knotted tori \cite{Skopenkov2006a}, \cite{Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2007}, \cite{Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2008}, | ||
+ | \cite{Skopenkov2015}, \cite{Skopenkov2015a} give some insight or even precise information concerning arbitrary manifolds (cf. \cite{Skopenkov2007}, \cite{Skopenkov2010}, \cite{Skopenkov2014}) and reveal new interesting relations to algebraic topology. | ||
− | For notation and conventions | + | For a [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Introduction|general introduction to embeddings]] as well as the [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Notation and conventions|notation and conventions]] used on this page, we refer to \cite[$\S$1, $\S$3]{Skopenkov2016c}. We assume that $p\le q$. Denote |
+ | $$KT^m_{p,q,CAT}:=E^m_{CAT}(S^p\times S^q).$$ | ||
+ | For definition of the | ||
+ | [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Embedded_connected_sum|embedded connected sum]]of embeddings, denote by $\#$, and for the corresponding action of the group $E^m_D(S^{p+q})$ on the set $KT^m_{p,q,D}$, see e.g. \cite[$\S$4]{Skopenkov2016c}. | ||
</wikitex> | </wikitex> | ||
− | |||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
− | + | <wikitex>; | |
+ | An [[Parametric_connected_sum#Applications|$S^p$-parametric connected sum]] group structure on $KT^m_{p,q}$ is constructed for $m\ge2p+q+3$ in \cite{Skopenkov2006}, \cite{Skopenkov2015a}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Some of the first examples of knotted tori are the [[Embeddings just below the stable range: classification#Hudson_tori|Hudson tori]]. See also [[4-manifolds_in_7-space#Examples_of_knotted_tori|examples of knotted 4-dimensional tori in 7-space]] \cite[$\S$2]{Skopenkov2016f}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let us construct a map | ||
+ | $$\tau:\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})\to KT^m_{p,q}.$$ | ||
+ | Recall that $\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})$ is isomorphic to the group of smooth maps $S^q\to V_{m-q,p+1}$ up to smooth homotopy. The latter maps can be considered as smooth maps $\varphi:S^q\times S^p\to\partial D^{m-q}$. Define the smooth embedding $\tau(\varphi)$ as the composition | ||
+ | $$S^p\times S^q\overset{\varphi\times{\rm pr}_2}\to\partial D^{m-q}\times S^q\overset{\subset}\to D^{m-q}\times S^q\overset{{\rm i}_{m,q}}\to\Rr^m.$$ | ||
+ | Here $\subset$ is the standard inclusion. | ||
+ | Clearly, $\tau$ is well-defined and, for $m\ge2p+q+3$, is a homomorphism. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Define the `embedded connected sum' or `local knotting' map | ||
+ | $$\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#:E^m_D(S^{p+q})\to KT^m_{p,q,D}\quad\text{by}\quad \phantom{}_{\rm i}\#(g):=0\#g=[{\rm i}_{m,q}]\#g.$$ | ||
+ | Clearly, $\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#$ is well-defined and, for $m\ge2p+q+3$, is a homomorphism. | ||
+ | <!--Recall that for $m\ge p+q+3$ we have $E^m_{PL}(S^{p+q})=0$, so the map $\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#$ is trivial.--> | ||
+ | |||
+ | See construction of another map in \cite[$\S$3, definition of $\sigma^*$]{Skopenkov2015}. | ||
</wikitex> | </wikitex> | ||
− | + | == Classification just below the stable range== | |
− | == Classification == | + | <wikitex>; |
− | From [[ | + | From [[Embeddings_in_Euclidean_space:_an_introduction_to_their_classification#Unknotting theorems|the Haefliger-Zeeman Isotopy Theorem]] it follows that $KT^m_{p,q}=0$ for $p\le q$ and $m\ge p+2q+2$, provided that $m\ge p+q+3$ or $2m\ge3(p+q)+4$ in the PL or smooth category, respectively. The dimension restriction in this result is sharp by the example of [[Embeddings just below the stable range: classification#Examples|Hudson tori]]. |
− | $ | + | |
− | {{beginthm|Theorem}}\label{ | + | For the next theorem, [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#The Whitney invariant|the Whitney invariant]] $W$ is defined in \cite[$\S$5]{Skopenkov2016e}. |
+ | |||
+ | {{beginthm|Theorem}}\label{kt1} (a) The Whitney invariant | ||
+ | $$W:KT^{p+2q+1}_{p,q}\to\Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}$$ | ||
+ | is an isomorphism for $1\le p\le q-2$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) The Whitney invariants | ||
+ | $$W^{3q}_{q-1,q}:E^{3q}_{PL}(S^{q-1}\times S^q)\to\Zz_{\varepsilon(q)} | ||
+ | \quad\text{and}\quad W^{3q+1}_{q,q}:E^{3q+1}_{PL}(S^q\times S^q)\to\Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}\oplus \Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}$$ | ||
+ | are bijective for $q\ge2$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) The Whitney invariant $W^{6l}_{2l-1,2l}$ is surjective and for any $u\in\Zz$ there is a 1-1 correspondence $W^{-1}(u)\to\Zz_u$. | ||
{{endthm}} | {{endthm}} | ||
− | + | Theorem \ref{kt1} follows from [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#Classification_just_below_the_stable_range|Theorems 6.2 and 6.3]] of \cite{Skopenkov2016e} (parts (a) and (b) also follow from Theorem \ref{kt} below). | |
+ | The [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#Hudson tori|Hudson torus]] $\Hud(1)$ generates $KT^{p+2q+1}_{p,q}$ for $1\le p\le q-2$ (this holds by \cite[Theorem 6.2]{Skopenkov2016e} because $W(\Hud(1),\Hud(0))=1\in\Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}$). | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the smooth category for $q$ even $W^{3q}_{q-1,q}$ is not injective (by Theorem \ref{kt1}.c), $W^{3q+1}_{q,q}$ [[4-manifolds_in_7-space#Classification|is not surjective]] \cite{Boechat1971}, \cite{Skopenkov2016f}, and $W^7_{2,2}$ [[4-manifolds_in_7-space#Classification|is not injective]] \cite{Skopenkov2016f}. <!--{{beginthm|Remark|(knotted tori)}}\label{r:kt} {{endthm}} E^{p+2q+1}(S^p\times S^q) | ||
+ | There are isomorphisms, or, for $p\in\{q,q-1\}$, 1-1 correspondences | ||
+ | $$KT^{p+2q+1}_{p,q,PL}\to\left\{\begin{array}{cc} \Zz_{\varepsilon(q)} & \quad 1\le p<q \\ | ||
+ | \Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}\oplus\Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}&\quad 2\le p=q\end{array}\right. \qquad\text{and} | ||
+ | \qquad KT^{p+2q+1}_{p,q,D}\to\Zz_{\varepsilon(q)}\quad\text{for}\quad 1\le p\le q-2.$$ | ||
+ | We have $2l-1+2\cdot2l+1=6l$; a description of $KT^{6l}_{2l-1,2l,D}$ is given in \cite[end of $\S$6.3]{Skopenkov2016e}.--> | ||
+ | </wikitex> | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Reduction to classification modulo knots == | ||
+ | <wikitex>; | ||
+ | Let $KT^m_{p,q,\#}$ be the quotient set of $KT^m_{p,q,D}$ by the embedded connected sum action, i.e. $KT^m_{p,q,\#}:=KT^m_{p,q,D}/\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#(E^m_D(S^{p+q}))$. Let $q_\#:KT^m_{p,q,D}\to KT^m_{p,q,\#}$ be the quotient map. | ||
+ | For $m\ge2p+q+3$ a group structure on $KT^m_{p,q,\#}$ is well-defined by $q_{\#}f+q_{\#}f':=q_{\#}(f+f')$, $f,f'\in KT^m_{p,q,D}$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | For $m\ge2p+q+3$ the map $\overline{\sigma}:KT^m_{p,q,D}\to E^m(S^{p+q})$ constructed by `embedded surgery of $S^p\times*$' is well-defined \cite[$\S$3.3]{Skopenkov2015a}. Clearly, $\overline{\sigma}\circ\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#={\rm id}$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following result reduces description of $KT^m_{p,q,D}$ to description of $E^m_D(S^{p+q})$ and of | ||
+ | $KT^m_{p,q,\#}$, cf. \cite{Schmidt1971}, \cite[end of $\S$1]{Crowley&Skopenkov2008}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{beginthm|Lemma|\cite[Smoothing Lemma 1.1]{Skopenkov2015a}}}\label{t:smo} | ||
+ | For $m\ge2p+q+3$ the map | ||
+ | $$q_\#\oplus\overline{\sigma}:KT^m_{p,q,D}\to KT^m_{p,q,\#}\oplus E^m_D(S^{p+q})$$ is an isomorphism. | ||
+ | {{endthm}} | ||
+ | </wikitex> | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Further classification == | ||
+ | <wikitex>; | ||
+ | |||
+ | We have the following table for $2m\ge3q+6$ and for $2m\ge3q+7$, for the PL and smooth categories, respectively. | ||
+ | $$\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c} | ||
+ | m &\ge2q+3 &2q+2 &2q+1 &2q &2q-1 &2q-2&2q-3\\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | KT^m_{1,q},\ q\text{ even}&0 &\Z &2 &2^2&2^2 &24 &0\\ | ||
+ | \hline | ||
+ | KT^m_{1,q},\ q\text{ odd} &0 &2 &\Z\oplus2 &4 &2\oplus24&2 &0 | ||
+ | \end{array}$$ | ||
+ | Here $n$ is short for $\Z_n$. We also have $|KT^{10}_{1,5}|=4$ and $KT^{11}_{1,6}\cong\Z_2\oplus\Z\oplus E^{11}_D(S^7)$, of which $E^{11}_D(S^7)$ is rank one infinite. The table and the additional results follow from the theorems below, see \cite{Skopenkov2015a}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | There is a finiteness criterion for $KT^m_{D,p,q}$ when $m\ge2p+q+3$ \cite[Theorem 1.4]{Skopenkov2015}. | ||
+ | The formulation is not so short but effective. | ||
+ | This criterion is a corollary of Theorem \ref{t:cornum} below. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Theorem \ref{kt1}.(a)(b) can be generalized as follows. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{beginthm|Theorem}}\label{kt} (a) If $m\ge2p+q+3$ and $2m\ge3q+2p+4$, then | ||
+ | $$\tau:\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})\to KT^m_{p,q,PL}\quad\text{and}\quad \tau\oplus\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#:\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})\oplus E^m_D(S^{p+q})\to KT^m_{p,q,D}$$ | ||
+ | are isomorphisms. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) If $q\le2p$, then | ||
+ | $$\tau:\pi_q(V_{2p+2,p+1})\to KT^{2p+q+2}_{p,q,PL}$$ is a 1-1 correspondence. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) If $2m\ge3q+2p+4$, then there is a 1-1 correspondence | ||
+ | $$KT^m_{p,q,PL}\to\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})\oplus\pi_p(V_{m-p,q+1}).$$ | ||
+ | {{endthm}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | This follows for $m\ge 2q+3$ from [[Embeddings_just_below_the_stable_range:_classification#Classification_further_below_the_stable_range|the Becker-Glover Theorem 5.3]]. For the general case see \cite[Corollary 1.5.a]{Skopenkov2002}. The 1-1 correspondence is constructed using `the Haefliger-Wu invariant' involving the configuration space of distinct pairs \cite[$\S$5]{Skopenkov2006}. For $m\ge2p+q+3$ there is an alternative direct proof of (a) \cite{Skopenkov2006}, \cite{Skopenkov2015a}, but for $m\le2p+q+2$ no proof of Theorem \ref{kt}.(b)(c) without referring to `the Haefliger-Wu invariant' is known. | ||
+ | |||
+ | For $m\ge2p+q+2$ we have $\pi_p(V_{m-p,q+1})=0$, so part (c) reduces to part (b) and the PL case of part (a). | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{beginthm|Theorem|\cite[Corollary 1.5.(b)(c)]{Skopenkov2015a}}}\label{t:corlam} | ||
+ | Assume that $m\ge 2p+q+3$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (a) If $2m\ge p+3q+4$, then $KT^m_{p,q,\#}$ and $\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})$ have isomorphic subgroups with isomorphic quotients. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) If $2m\ge 3q+4$, then $KT^m_{p,q,\#}$ has a subgroup isomorphic to $\pi_{p+2q+2-m}(V_{M+m-q-1,M})$ ($M$ large), | ||
+ | whose quotient and $\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})$ have isomorphic subgroups with isomorphic quotients. | ||
+ | {{endthm}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following conjecture and results reduce description of $KT^m_{p,q,D}$ to description of objects which are easier to calculate, at least in some cases, see \cite[$\S$1.3]{Skopenkov2015a} for methods of their calculations. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Abelian group structure on $E^m(D^p\times S^q)$ for $m\ge q+3$ is defined analogously to the well-known case $p=0$. The sum operation on $E^m(D^p\times S^q)$ is `connected sum of $q$-spheres together with normal | ||
+ | $p$-framings' or `$D^p$-parametric connected sum'. Define $E^m_U(S^q\sqcup S^n) \subset E^m_D(S^q\sqcup S^n)$ to be the subgroup of links all whose components are unknotted. Let $\lambda=\lambda^m_{q,n}:E^m_D(S^q\sqcup S^n)\to\pi_q(S^{m-n-1})$ be the [[High_codimension_links#The_linking_coefficient|linking coefficient]]. Denote $K^m_{q,n}:=\ker\lambda\cap E^m_U(S^q\sqcup S^n)$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{beginthm|Conjecture}}\label{t:conj} Assume that $m\ge2p+q+3$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (a) If $2m\ge p+3q+4$, then $\tau\oplus\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#:\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})\oplus E^m_D(S^{p+q})\to KT^m_{p,q,D}$ is an isomorphism. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) The map | ||
+ | $$r\oplus\sigma|_{K^m_{q,p+q}}\oplus\phantom{}_{\rm i}\#:E^m_D(D^{p+1}\times S^q)\oplus K^m_{q,p+q}\oplus E^m_D(S^{p+q})\to KT^m_{p,q,D}$$ | ||
+ | is an isomorphism. | ||
+ | Here $r$ is the `restriction' map induced by the inclusion $S^p\times S^q\subset D^{p+1}\times S^q$ and $\sigma$ is defined in \cite[$\S$3, definition of $\sigma^*$]{Skopenkov2015}. | ||
+ | {{endthm}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | For a discussion see \cite[Remark 1.9 and footnote 7]{Skopenkov2015a}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote by $TG$ the torsion subgroup of an abelian group $G$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{beginthm|Theorem|\cite[Corollary 1.7]{Skopenkov2015}, \cite[Corollary 1.4]{Skopenkov2015a}}}\label{t:cornum} | ||
+ | Assume that $m\ge 2p+q+3$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (a) $KT^m_{D,p,q}\otimes\Q\cong[\pi_q(V_{m-q,p+1})\oplus E^m_D(S^q)\oplus K^m_{q,p+q}\oplus E^m_D(S^{p+q})]\otimes\Q$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $|KT^m_{D,p,q}|=|E^m_D(D^{p+1}\times S^q)|\cdot|K^m_{q,p+q}|\cdot|E^m_D(S^{p+q})|$ | ||
+ | (more precisely, whenever one part is finite, the other is finite and they are equal). | ||
+ | |||
+ | (c) $|TKT^m_{D,p,q}|=|TE^m_D(D^{p+1}\times S^q)|\cdot|TK^m_{q,p+q}|\cdot|TE^m_D(S^{p+q})|$, unless $m=6k+p$ and $q=4k-1$ for some $k$. | ||
+ | {{endthm}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Theorems \ref{t:corlam} and \ref{t:cornum} were obtained using more `theoretical' results \cite[Theorem 1.6]{Skopenkov2015}, \cite[Theorem 1.2]{Skopenkov2015a}, see also \cite[Theorem 2.1]{Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2008}. | ||
</wikitex> | </wikitex> | ||
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Latest revision as of 11:28, 31 August 2021
This page has not been refereed. The information given here might be incomplete or provisional. |
Contents |
1 Introduction
By a ``torus`` we mean a product of spheres , regarded as a closed manifold. Many interesting examples of embeddings are embeddings , i.e. knotted tori. For examples, see Hudson tori, [Alexander1924], [Kosinski1961], [Hudson1963], [Wall1965], [Tindell1969], [Boechat&Haefliger1970], [Boechat1971], [Milgram&Rees1971], [Lucas&Saeki2002], [Skopenkov2002]. Classifying knotted tori is a natural next step (after the classification of links [Haefliger1966a] and the classification of embeddings of highly-connected manifolds) towards the classification of embeddings of arbitrary manifolds. Since the general Knotting Problem is very hard, it is interesting to solve it for the important special case of knotted tori. Recent classification results for knotted tori [Skopenkov2006a], [Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2007], [Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2015], [Skopenkov2015a] give some insight or even precise information concerning arbitrary manifolds (cf. [Skopenkov2007], [Skopenkov2010], [Skopenkov2014]) and reveal new interesting relations to algebraic topology.
For a general introduction to embeddings as well as the notation and conventions used on this page, we refer to [Skopenkov2016c, 1, 3]. We assume that . Denote
For definition of the embedded connected sumof embeddings, denote by , and for the corresponding action of the group on the set , see e.g. [Skopenkov2016c, 4].
2 Examples
An -parametric connected sum group structure on is constructed for in [Skopenkov2006], [Skopenkov2015a].
Some of the first examples of knotted tori are the Hudson tori. See also examples of knotted 4-dimensional tori in 7-space [Skopenkov2016f, 2].
Let us construct a map
Recall that is isomorphic to the group of smooth maps up to smooth homotopy. The latter maps can be considered as smooth maps . Define the smooth embedding as the composition
Tex syntax error
Here is the standard inclusion. Clearly, is well-defined and, for , is a homomorphism.
Define the `embedded connected sum' or `local knotting' map
Tex syntax error
Tex syntax erroris well-defined and, for , is a homomorphism.
See construction of another map in [Skopenkov2015, 3, definition of ].
3 Classification just below the stable range
From the Haefliger-Zeeman Isotopy Theorem it follows that for and , provided that or in the PL or smooth category, respectively. The dimension restriction in this result is sharp by the example of Hudson tori.
For the next theorem, the Whitney invariant is defined in [Skopenkov2016e, 5].
Theorem 3.1. (a) The Whitney invariant
is an isomorphism for .
(b) The Whitney invariants
are bijective for .
(c) The Whitney invariant is surjective and for any there is a 1-1 correspondence .
Theorem 3.1 follows from Theorems 6.2 and 6.3 of [Skopenkov2016e] (parts (a) and (b) also follow from Theorem 5.1 below). The Hudson torus generates for (this holds by [Skopenkov2016e, Theorem 6.2] because ).
In the smooth category for even is not injective (by Theorem 3.1.c), is not surjective [Boechat1971], [Skopenkov2016f], and is not injective [Skopenkov2016f].
4 Reduction to classification modulo knots
Tex syntax error. Let be the quotient map.
For a group structure on is well-defined by , .
For the map constructed by `embedded surgery of ' is well-defined [Skopenkov2015a, 3.3]. Clearly,Tex syntax error.
The following result reduces description of to description of and of , cf. [Schmidt1971], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008, end of 1].
Lemma 4.1 [Skopenkov2015a, Smoothing Lemma 1.1]. For the map
5 Further classification
We have the following table for and for , for the PL and smooth categories, respectively.
Here is short for . We also have and , of which is rank one infinite. The table and the additional results follow from the theorems below, see [Skopenkov2015a].
There is a finiteness criterion for when [Skopenkov2015, Theorem 1.4]. The formulation is not so short but effective. This criterion is a corollary of Theorem 5.4 below.
Theorem 3.1.(a)(b) can be generalized as follows.
Theorem 5.1. (a) If and , then
Tex syntax error
are isomorphisms.
(b) If , then
(c) If , then there is a 1-1 correspondence
This follows for from the Becker-Glover Theorem 5.3. For the general case see [Skopenkov2002, Corollary 1.5.a]. The 1-1 correspondence is constructed using `the Haefliger-Wu invariant' involving the configuration space of distinct pairs [Skopenkov2006, 5]. For there is an alternative direct proof of (a) [Skopenkov2006], [Skopenkov2015a], but for no proof of Theorem 5.1.(b)(c) without referring to `the Haefliger-Wu invariant' is known.
For we have , so part (c) reduces to part (b) and the PL case of part (a).
Theorem 5.2 [Skopenkov2015a, Corollary 1.5.(b)(c)]. Assume that .
(a) If , then and have isomorphic subgroups with isomorphic quotients.
(b) If , then has a subgroup isomorphic to ( large), whose quotient and have isomorphic subgroups with isomorphic quotients.
The following conjecture and results reduce description of to description of objects which are easier to calculate, at least in some cases, see [Skopenkov2015a, 1.3] for methods of their calculations.
Abelian group structure on for is defined analogously to the well-known case . The sum operation on is `connected sum of -spheres together with normal -framings' or `-parametric connected sum'. Define to be the subgroup of links all whose components are unknotted. Let be the linking coefficient. Denote .
Conjecture 5.3. Assume that .
(a) If , thenTex syntax erroris an isomorphism.
(b) The map
Tex syntax error
is an isomorphism. Here is the `restriction' map induced by the inclusion and is defined in [Skopenkov2015, 3, definition of ].
For a discussion see [Skopenkov2015a, Remark 1.9 and footnote 7].
Denote by the torsion subgroup of an abelian group .
Theorem 5.4 [Skopenkov2015, Corollary 1.7], [Skopenkov2015a, Corollary 1.4]. Assume that .
(a) .
(b) (more precisely, whenever one part is finite, the other is finite and they are equal).
(c) , unless and for some .
Theorems 5.2 and 5.4 were obtained using more `theoretical' results [Skopenkov2015, Theorem 1.6], [Skopenkov2015a, Theorem 1.2], see also [Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2008, Theorem 2.1].
6 References
- [Alexander1924] J. W. Alexander, On the subdivision of 3-space by polyhedron, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 10, (1924) 6–8. Zbl 50.0659.01
- [Boechat&Haefliger1970] J. Boéchat and A. Haefliger, Plongements différentiables des variétés orientées de dimension dans , (French) Essays on Topology and Related Topics (Mémoires dédiés à Georges de Rham), Springer, New York (1970), 156–166. MR0270384 (42 #5273) Zbl 0199.27003
- [Boechat1971] J. Boéchat, Plongements de variétées différentiables orientées de dimension dans , Comment. Math. Helv. 46 (1971), 141–161. MR0295373 (45 #4439) Zbl 0218.57016
- [Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2007] M. Cencelj, D. Repovš and M. Skopenkov, Homotopy type of the complement of an immersion and classification of embeddings of tori., Russ. Math. Surv.62 (2007), no.5, 985-987. Zbl 1141.57009
- [Cencelj&Repovš&Skopenkov2008] M. Cencelj, D. Repovš and M. Skopenkov, Classification of knotted tori in the 2-metastable dimension, Mat. Sbornik, 203:11 (2012), 1654-1681. Available at the arXiv:0811.2745.
- [Crowley&Skopenkov2008] D. Crowley and A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, II, Intern. J. Math., 22:6 (2011) 731-757. Available at the arXiv:0808.1795.
- [Haefliger1966a] A. Haefliger, Enlacements de sphères en co-dimension supérieure à 2, Comment. Math. Helv.41 (1966), 51-72. MR0212818 (35 #3683) Zbl 0149.20801
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