Linking form

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1 Background: intersection forms

After Poincaré and Lefschetz, a closed oriented manifold $N^{n}$${{Stub}} ==Background: intersection forms== <wikitex>; After Poincaré and Lefschetz, a closed oriented manifold $N^{n}$ has a bilinear [[Intersection form|intersection form]] defined on its homology. Given a ${k}$--chain $p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and an $(n-k)$--chain $q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ which is transverse to $q$, the signed count of the intersections between $p$ and $q$ gives an intersection number $\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$. The intersection form is defined by $$I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$$ and is such that $$I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$$ </wikitex> == Definition of the linking form== <wikitex>; By bilinearity, the intersection form vanishes on the torsion part of the homology. The torsion part of an abelian group $P$ is the subgroup $$TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$$ The analogue of the intersection pairing for the torsion part of the homology of a closed oriented manifold $N^n$ is the bilinear $\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$--valued linking form, which is due to Seifert \cite{Seifert1933}: $$L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$ such that $$L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$$ and computed as follows. Given $[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ represented by cycles $x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$, let $w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ be such that $\partial w = sy$, for some $s \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then we define: $$L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$$ The resulting element is independent of the choices of $x,y,w$ and $s$. </wikitex> ==Definition via cohomology== <wikitex>; Let $x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and let $y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$. Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms $$PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$ and $$PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$$ Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients $<script type="math/tex">N^{n}$ has a bilinear intersection form defined on its homology. Given a ${k}$${k}$--chain $p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and an $(n-k)$$(n-k)$--chain $q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ which is transverse to $q$$q$, the signed count of the intersections between $p$$p$ and $q$$q$ gives an intersection number $\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$$\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$.

The intersection form is defined by

$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$ $$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$$

and is such that

$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$ $$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$$

2 Definition of the linking form

By bilinearity, the intersection form vanishes on the torsion part of the homology. The torsion part of an abelian group $P$$P$ is the subgroup

$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$ $$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$$

The analogue of the intersection pairing for the torsion part of the homology of a closed oriented manifold $N^n$$N^n$ is the bilinear $\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$--valued linking form, which is due to Seifert [Seifert1933]:

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

such that

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$$

and computed as follows. Given $[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ represented by cycles $x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$$y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$, let $w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ be such that $\partial w = sy$$\partial w = sy$, for some $s \in \mathbb{Z}$$s \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then we define:

$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$ $$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$$

The resulting element is independent of the choices of $x,y,w$$x,y,w$ and $s$$s$.

3 Definition via cohomology

Let $x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and let $y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$. Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$

and

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$$

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$$

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology.

$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$ $$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$$

Choose $z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$$z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$ such that $\beta(z) = PD(x)$$\beta(z) = PD(x)$. This is always possible since torsion elements in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ map to zero in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$. There is a cup product:

$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$$

Compute $a:= z \cup PD(y)$$a:= z \cup PD(y)$. Then the Kronecker pairing:

$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

of $a$$a$ with the fundamental class of $N$$N$ yields $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$.

4 Example of 3-dimensional projective space

As an example, let $N = \mathbb{RP}^3$$N = \mathbb{RP}^3$, so that $\ell=1$$\ell=1$ and $n=3$$n=3$. Now $H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$$H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking $L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$$L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$, consider $\mathbb{RP}^3$$\mathbb{RP}^3$ modelled as $D^3/\sim$$D^3/\sim$, with antipodal points on $\partial D^2$$\partial D^2$ identified, and choose two representative $1$$1$-chains $x$$x$ and $y$$y$ for $\theta$$\theta$. Let $x$$x$ be the straight line between north and south poles and let $y$$y$ be half of the equator. Now $2y = \partial w$$2y = \partial w$, where $w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that $\langle x,w \rangle = 1$$\langle x,w \rangle = 1$, so that

$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$ $$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$$

5 Example of lens spaces

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space $N_{p,q}$$N_{p,q}$ has $H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$$H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$. The linking form is given on a generator $\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$ by $L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$$L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$. Note that $L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$$L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$, so this is consistent with the above example.

6 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on $N^{2\ell +1}$$N^{2\ell +1}$

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

is an exact sequence:

$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$$

where $F$$F$ is a free abelain group and the linking $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$ can be computed as follows. Let $x',y' \in F^*$$x',y' \in F^*$ be such that $\partial(x')=x$$\partial(x')=x$ and $\partial(y')=y$$\partial(y')=y$. Then we can tensor with $\mathbb{Q}$$\mathbb{Q}$ to obtain an isomorphism

$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$ $$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$$

The linking form is given by:

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$$

Let $\ell = 1$$\ell = 1$, so $2\ell + 1 = 3$$2\ell + 1 = 3$. Every 3-manifold $N$$N$ is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in $S^3$$S^3$ [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for $N$$N$. Suppose that $N$$N$ is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let $A$$A$ be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for $N$$N$ as the rank of $F$$F$, the linking matrix $A$$A$ determines a map $\Phi$$\Phi$ as above, which presents the linking form of $N$$N$. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold $W$$W$ whose boundary is $N$$N$ presents the linking form of $N$$N$. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair~$(W,N)$$(W,N)$ and Poincar\'{e} duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

7 Classification of 5-manifolds

Linking forms are central to the classification of simply connected 5-manifolds. See this 5-manifolds page, which also describes the classification of anti-symmetric linking forms.

8 References

• [Boyer1986] S. Boyer, Simply-connected $4$$4$-manifolds with a given boundary, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 298 (1986), no.1, 331–357. MR857447 (88b:57023) Zbl 0790.57009
• [Lickorish1962] W. B. R. Lickorish, A representation of orientable combinatorial $3$$3$-manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 76 (1962), 531–540. MR0151948 (27 #1929) Zbl 0106.37102
• [Seifert1933] H. Seifert, Verschlingungsinvarianten, Sitzungsber. Preuß. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 1933, No.26-29, (1933) 811-828. Zbl 0008.18101
• [Wallace1960] A. H. Wallace, Modifications and cobounding manifolds, Canad. J. Math. 12 (1960), 503–528. MR0125588 (23 #A2887) Zbl 0116.40401

\to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$$ is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology. $$H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$$ Choose $z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$ such that $\beta(z) = PD(x)$. This is always possible since torsion elements in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ map to zero in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$. There is a cup product: $$\cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$$ Compute $a:= z \cup PD(y)$. Then the Kronecker pairing: $$\langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$ of $a$ with the fundamental class of $N$ yields $L_N(x,y)$. ==Example of 3-dimensional projective space== ; As an example, let $N = \mathbb{RP}^3$, so that $\ell=1$ and $n=3$. Now $H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking $L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$, consider $\mathbb{RP}^3$ modelled as $D^3/\sim$, with antipodal points on $\partial D^2$ identified, and choose two representative N^{n} has a bilinear intersection form defined on its homology. Given a ${k}$${k}$--chain $p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and an $(n-k)$$(n-k)$--chain $q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ which is transverse to $q$$q$, the signed count of the intersections between $p$$p$ and $q$$q$ gives an intersection number $\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$$\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$.

The intersection form is defined by

$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$ $$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$$

and is such that

$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$ $$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$$

2 Definition of the linking form

By bilinearity, the intersection form vanishes on the torsion part of the homology. The torsion part of an abelian group $P$$P$ is the subgroup

$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$ $$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$$

The analogue of the intersection pairing for the torsion part of the homology of a closed oriented manifold $N^n$$N^n$ is the bilinear $\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$--valued linking form, which is due to Seifert [Seifert1933]:

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

such that

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$$

and computed as follows. Given $[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ represented by cycles $x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$$y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$, let $w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ be such that $\partial w = sy$$\partial w = sy$, for some $s \in \mathbb{Z}$$s \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then we define:

$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$ $$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$$

The resulting element is independent of the choices of $x,y,w$$x,y,w$ and $s$$s$.

3 Definition via cohomology

Let $x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and let $y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$. Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$

and

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$$

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$$

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology.

$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$ $$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$$

Choose $z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$$z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$ such that $\beta(z) = PD(x)$$\beta(z) = PD(x)$. This is always possible since torsion elements in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ map to zero in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$. There is a cup product:

$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$$

Compute $a:= z \cup PD(y)$$a:= z \cup PD(y)$. Then the Kronecker pairing:

$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

of $a$$a$ with the fundamental class of $N$$N$ yields $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$.

4 Example of 3-dimensional projective space

As an example, let $N = \mathbb{RP}^3$$N = \mathbb{RP}^3$, so that $\ell=1$$\ell=1$ and $n=3$$n=3$. Now $H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$$H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking $L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$$L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$, consider $\mathbb{RP}^3$$\mathbb{RP}^3$ modelled as $D^3/\sim$$D^3/\sim$, with antipodal points on $\partial D^2$$\partial D^2$ identified, and choose two representative $1$$1$-chains $x$$x$ and $y$$y$ for $\theta$$\theta$. Let $x$$x$ be the straight line between north and south poles and let $y$$y$ be half of the equator. Now $2y = \partial w$$2y = \partial w$, where $w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that $\langle x,w \rangle = 1$$\langle x,w \rangle = 1$, so that

$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$ $$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$$

5 Example of lens spaces

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space $N_{p,q}$$N_{p,q}$ has $H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$$H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$. The linking form is given on a generator $\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$ by $L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$$L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$. Note that $L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$$L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$, so this is consistent with the above example.

6 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on $N^{2\ell +1}$$N^{2\ell +1}$

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

is an exact sequence:

$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$$

where $F$$F$ is a free abelain group and the linking $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$ can be computed as follows. Let $x',y' \in F^*$$x',y' \in F^*$ be such that $\partial(x')=x$$\partial(x')=x$ and $\partial(y')=y$$\partial(y')=y$. Then we can tensor with $\mathbb{Q}$$\mathbb{Q}$ to obtain an isomorphism

$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$ $$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$$

The linking form is given by:

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$$

Let $\ell = 1$$\ell = 1$, so $2\ell + 1 = 3$$2\ell + 1 = 3$. Every 3-manifold $N$$N$ is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in $S^3$$S^3$ [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for $N$$N$. Suppose that $N$$N$ is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let $A$$A$ be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for $N$$N$ as the rank of $F$$F$, the linking matrix $A$$A$ determines a map $\Phi$$\Phi$ as above, which presents the linking form of $N$$N$. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold $W$$W$ whose boundary is $N$$N$ presents the linking form of $N$$N$. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair~$(W,N)$$(W,N)$ and Poincar\'{e} duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

7 Classification of 5-manifolds

Linking forms are central to the classification of simply connected 5-manifolds. See this 5-manifolds page, which also describes the classification of anti-symmetric linking forms.

8 References

• [Boyer1986] S. Boyer, Simply-connected $4$$4$-manifolds with a given boundary, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 298 (1986), no.1, 331–357. MR857447 (88b:57023) Zbl 0790.57009
• [Lickorish1962] W. B. R. Lickorish, A representation of orientable combinatorial $3$$3$-manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 76 (1962), 531–540. MR0151948 (27 #1929) Zbl 0106.37102
• [Seifert1933] H. Seifert, Verschlingungsinvarianten, Sitzungsber. Preuß. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 1933, No.26-29, (1933) 811-828. Zbl 0008.18101
• [Wallace1960] A. H. Wallace, Modifications and cobounding manifolds, Canad. J. Math. 12 (1960), 503–528. MR0125588 (23 #A2887) Zbl 0116.40401

$-chains $x$ and $y$ for $\theta$. Let $x$ be the straight line between north and south poles and let $y$ be half of the equator. Now y = \partial w$, where $w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that $\langle x,w \rangle = 1$, so that $$L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$$ ==Example of lens spaces== ; Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space $N_{p,q}$ has $H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$. The linking form is given on a generator $\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$ by $L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$. Note that $L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$, so this is consistent with the above example. ==Presentations of linking forms== ; A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on $N^{2\ell +1}$ $$L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$ is an exact sequence: $$N^{n}$ has a bilinear intersection form defined on its homology. Given a ${k}$${k}$--chain $p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and an $(n-k)$$(n-k)$--chain $q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ which is transverse to $q$$q$, the signed count of the intersections between $p$$p$ and $q$$q$ gives an intersection number $\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$$\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$.

The intersection form is defined by

$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$ $$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$$

and is such that

$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$ $$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$$

2 Definition of the linking form

By bilinearity, the intersection form vanishes on the torsion part of the homology. The torsion part of an abelian group $P$$P$ is the subgroup

$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$ $$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$$

The analogue of the intersection pairing for the torsion part of the homology of a closed oriented manifold $N^n$$N^n$ is the bilinear $\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$--valued linking form, which is due to Seifert [Seifert1933]:

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

such that

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$$

and computed as follows. Given $[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ represented by cycles $x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$$y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$, let $w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ be such that $\partial w = sy$$\partial w = sy$, for some $s \in \mathbb{Z}$$s \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then we define:

$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$ $$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$$

The resulting element is independent of the choices of $x,y,w$$x,y,w$ and $s$$s$.

3 Definition via cohomology

Let $x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and let $y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$. Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$

and

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$$

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$$

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology.

$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$ $$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$$

Choose $z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$$z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$ such that $\beta(z) = PD(x)$$\beta(z) = PD(x)$. This is always possible since torsion elements in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ map to zero in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$. There is a cup product:

$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$$

Compute $a:= z \cup PD(y)$$a:= z \cup PD(y)$. Then the Kronecker pairing:

$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

of $a$$a$ with the fundamental class of $N$$N$ yields $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$.

4 Example of 3-dimensional projective space

As an example, let $N = \mathbb{RP}^3$$N = \mathbb{RP}^3$, so that $\ell=1$$\ell=1$ and $n=3$$n=3$. Now $H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$$H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking $L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$$L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$, consider $\mathbb{RP}^3$$\mathbb{RP}^3$ modelled as $D^3/\sim$$D^3/\sim$, with antipodal points on $\partial D^2$$\partial D^2$ identified, and choose two representative $1$$1$-chains $x$$x$ and $y$$y$ for $\theta$$\theta$. Let $x$$x$ be the straight line between north and south poles and let $y$$y$ be half of the equator. Now $2y = \partial w$$2y = \partial w$, where $w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that $\langle x,w \rangle = 1$$\langle x,w \rangle = 1$, so that

$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$ $$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$$

5 Example of lens spaces

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space $N_{p,q}$$N_{p,q}$ has $H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$$H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$. The linking form is given on a generator $\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$ by $L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$$L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$. Note that $L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$$L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$, so this is consistent with the above example.

6 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on $N^{2\ell +1}$$N^{2\ell +1}$

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

is an exact sequence:

$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$$

where $F$$F$ is a free abelain group and the linking $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$ can be computed as follows. Let $x',y' \in F^*$$x',y' \in F^*$ be such that $\partial(x')=x$$\partial(x')=x$ and $\partial(y')=y$$\partial(y')=y$. Then we can tensor with $\mathbb{Q}$$\mathbb{Q}$ to obtain an isomorphism

$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$ $$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$$

The linking form is given by:

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$$

Let $\ell = 1$$\ell = 1$, so $2\ell + 1 = 3$$2\ell + 1 = 3$. Every 3-manifold $N$$N$ is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in $S^3$$S^3$ [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for $N$$N$. Suppose that $N$$N$ is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let $A$$A$ be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for $N$$N$ as the rank of $F$$F$, the linking matrix $A$$A$ determines a map $\Phi$$\Phi$ as above, which presents the linking form of $N$$N$. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold $W$$W$ whose boundary is $N$$N$ presents the linking form of $N$$N$. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair~$(W,N)$$(W,N)$ and Poincar\'{e} duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

7 Classification of 5-manifolds

Linking forms are central to the classification of simply connected 5-manifolds. See this 5-manifolds page, which also describes the classification of anti-symmetric linking forms.

8 References

• [Boyer1986] S. Boyer, Simply-connected $4$$4$-manifolds with a given boundary, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 298 (1986), no.1, 331–357. MR857447 (88b:57023) Zbl 0790.57009
• [Lickorish1962] W. B. R. Lickorish, A representation of orientable combinatorial $3$$3$-manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 76 (1962), 531–540. MR0151948 (27 #1929) Zbl 0106.37102
• [Seifert1933] H. Seifert, Verschlingungsinvarianten, Sitzungsber. Preuß. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 1933, No.26-29, (1933) 811-828. Zbl 0008.18101
• [Wallace1960] A. H. Wallace, Modifications and cobounding manifolds, Canad. J. Math. 12 (1960), 503–528. MR0125588 (23 #A2887) Zbl 0116.40401

\to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$$ where $F$ is a free abelain group and the linking $L_N(x,y)$ can be computed as follows. Let $x',y' \in F^*$ be such that $\partial(x')=x$ and $\partial(y')=y$. Then we can tensor with $\mathbb{Q}$ to obtain an isomorphism $$\Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$$ The linking form is given by: $$L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$$ Let $\ell = 1$, so \ell + 1 = 3$. Every 3-manifold $N$ is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in $S^3$ \cite{Lickorish1962}, \cite{Wallace1960}. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for $N$. Suppose that $N$ is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let $A$ be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for $N$ as the rank of $F$, the linking matrix $A$ determines a map $\Phi$ as above, which presents the linking form of $N$. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold $W$ whose boundary is $N$ presents the linking form of $N$. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair~$(W,N)$ and Poincar\'{e} duality. See \cite{Boyer1986} for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary. ==Classification of 5-manifolds== Linking forms are central to the classification of simply connected 5-manifolds. See this [[5-manifolds: 1-connected|5-manifolds]] page, which also describes the classification of anti-symmetric linking forms. == References == {{#RefList:}} [[Category:Definitions]]N^{n} has a bilinear intersection form defined on its homology. Given a ${k}$${k}$--chain $p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$p \in C_{k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and an $(n-k)$$(n-k)$--chain $q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$q \in C_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ which is transverse to $q$$q$, the signed count of the intersections between $p$$p$ and $q$$q$ gives an intersection number $\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$$\langle\, p \, , \, q\, \rangle \in \mathbb{Z}$.

The intersection form is defined by

$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$ $$\displaystyle I_N \colon H_k(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times H_{n-k}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Z}; ([p],[q]) \mapsto \langle p, q \rangle$$

and is such that

$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$ $$\displaystyle I_N(x,y) = (-)^{k(n-k)}I_N(y,x).$$

2 Definition of the linking form

By bilinearity, the intersection form vanishes on the torsion part of the homology. The torsion part of an abelian group $P$$P$ is the subgroup

$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$ $$\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \mathbb{Z}\}.$$

The analogue of the intersection pairing for the torsion part of the homology of a closed oriented manifold $N^n$$N^n$ is the bilinear $\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$--valued linking form, which is due to Seifert [Seifert1933]:

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

such that

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell-1)}L_N(y,x)$$

and computed as follows. Given $[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[x] \in TH_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$[y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ represented by cycles $x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in C_\ell(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and $y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$$y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\mathbb{Z})$, let $w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ be such that $\partial w = sy$$\partial w = sy$, for some $s \in \mathbb{Z}$$s \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then we define:

$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$ $$\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]) := \langle x, w \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}.$$

The resulting element is independent of the choices of $x,y,w$$x,y,w$ and $s$$s$.

3 Definition via cohomology

Let $x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ and let $y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z})$. Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$

and

$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).$$

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$$

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology.

$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$ $$\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$$

Choose $z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$$z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$ such that $\beta(z) = PD(x)$$\beta(z) = PD(x)$. This is always possible since torsion elements in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ map to zero in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$$H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$. There is a cup product:

$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$ $$\displaystyle \cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$$

Compute $a:= z \cup PD(y)$$a:= z \cup PD(y)$. Then the Kronecker pairing:

$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle \langle a,[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

of $a$$a$ with the fundamental class of $N$$N$ yields $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$.

4 Example of 3-dimensional projective space

As an example, let $N = \mathbb{RP}^3$$N = \mathbb{RP}^3$, so that $\ell=1$$\ell=1$ and $n=3$$n=3$. Now $H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$$H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking $L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$$L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$, consider $\mathbb{RP}^3$$\mathbb{RP}^3$ modelled as $D^3/\sim$$D^3/\sim$, with antipodal points on $\partial D^2$$\partial D^2$ identified, and choose two representative $1$$1$-chains $x$$x$ and $y$$y$ for $\theta$$\theta$. Let $x$$x$ be the straight line between north and south poles and let $y$$y$ be half of the equator. Now $2y = \partial w$$2y = \partial w$, where $w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$$w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that $\langle x,w \rangle = 1$$\langle x,w \rangle = 1$, so that

$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$ $$\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$$

5 Example of lens spaces

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space $N_{p,q}$$N_{p,q}$ has $H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$$H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$. The linking form is given on a generator $\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$$\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$ by $L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$$L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$. Note that $L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$$L_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$, so this is consistent with the above example.

6 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on $N^{2\ell +1}$$N^{2\ell +1}$

$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ $$\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$

is an exact sequence:

$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$ $$\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$$

where $F$$F$ is a free abelain group and the linking $L_N(x,y)$$L_N(x,y)$ can be computed as follows. Let $x',y' \in F^*$$x',y' \in F^*$ be such that $\partial(x')=x$$\partial(x')=x$ and $\partial(y')=y$$\partial(y')=y$. Then we can tensor with $\mathbb{Q}$$\mathbb{Q}$ to obtain an isomorphism

$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$ $$\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$$

The linking form is given by:

$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$ $$\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$$

Let $\ell = 1$$\ell = 1$, so $2\ell + 1 = 3$$2\ell + 1 = 3$. Every 3-manifold $N$$N$ is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in $S^3$$S^3$ [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for $N$$N$. Suppose that $N$$N$ is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let $A$$A$ be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for $N$$N$ as the rank of $F$$F$, the linking matrix $A$$A$ determines a map $\Phi$$\Phi$ as above, which presents the linking form of $N$$N$. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold $W$$W$ whose boundary is $N$$N$ presents the linking form of $N$$N$. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair~$(W,N)$$(W,N)$ and Poincar\'{e} duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

7 Classification of 5-manifolds

Linking forms are central to the classification of simply connected 5-manifolds. See this 5-manifolds page, which also describes the classification of anti-symmetric linking forms.

8 References

• [Boyer1986] S. Boyer, Simply-connected $4$$4$-manifolds with a given boundary, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 298 (1986), no.1, 331–357. MR857447 (88b:57023) Zbl 0790.57009
• [Lickorish1962] W. B. R. Lickorish, A representation of orientable combinatorial $3$$3$-manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 76 (1962), 531–540. MR0151948 (27 #1929) Zbl 0106.37102
• [Seifert1933] H. Seifert, Verschlingungsinvarianten, Sitzungsber. Preuß. Akad. Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl. 1933, No.26-29, (1933) 811-828. Zbl 0008.18101
• [Wallace1960] A. H. Wallace, Modifications and cobounding manifolds, Canad. J. Math. 12 (1960), 503–528. MR0125588 (23 #A2887) Zbl 0116.40401