Knots, i.e. embeddings of spheres
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Let us define the 'Haefliger invariant' $\varkappa:E^{6k}(S^{4k-1})\to\Z$. | Let us define the 'Haefliger invariant' $\varkappa:E^{6k}(S^{4k-1})\to\Z$. | ||
− | The definition is motivated by Haefliger's proof that any embedding $S^n\to S^m$ is isotopic to the standard embedding for $2m\ge3n+4$, and | + | The definition is motivated by Haefliger's proof that any embedding $S^n\to S^m$ is isotopic to the standard embedding for $2m\ge3n+4$, and by analyzing what obstructs carrying this proof for $2m\ge3n+3$. |
By \cite[2.1, 2.2]{Haefliger1962} any embedding $f:S^{4k-1}\to S^{6k}$ has a framing extendable to a framed embedding $\overline f:V\to D^{6k+1}$ of an orientable $4k$-manifold $V$ whose boundary is $S^{4k-1}$, whose signature is zero. For an integer $2k$-cycle $c$ in $V$ let $\lambda^*(c)\in\Z$ be the linking number of $f(V)$ with a slight shift of $\overline f(c)$ along the first vector of the framing. This defines a map $\lambda^*:H_{2k}(V;\Z)\to\Z$. This map is a homomorphism (as opposed to the Arf map defined in a similar way). Then by Lefschetz duality there is a unique $\lambda\in H_{2k}(V,\partial;\Z)$ such that $\lambda^*[c]=\lambda\cap_V[c]$ for any $[c]\in H_{2k}(V;\Z)$. Since $V$ has a normal framing, its intersection form is even, hence $\lambda\cap_M\lambda$ is an even integer. Define $$\varkappa(f):=\lambda\cap_M\lambda/2.$$ | By \cite[2.1, 2.2]{Haefliger1962} any embedding $f:S^{4k-1}\to S^{6k}$ has a framing extendable to a framed embedding $\overline f:V\to D^{6k+1}$ of an orientable $4k$-manifold $V$ whose boundary is $S^{4k-1}$, whose signature is zero. For an integer $2k$-cycle $c$ in $V$ let $\lambda^*(c)\in\Z$ be the linking number of $f(V)$ with a slight shift of $\overline f(c)$ along the first vector of the framing. This defines a map $\lambda^*:H_{2k}(V;\Z)\to\Z$. This map is a homomorphism (as opposed to the Arf map defined in a similar way). Then by Lefschetz duality there is a unique $\lambda\in H_{2k}(V,\partial;\Z)$ such that $\lambda^*[c]=\lambda\cap_V[c]$ for any $[c]\in H_{2k}(V;\Z)$. Since $V$ has a normal framing, its intersection form is even, hence $\lambda\cap_M\lambda$ is an even integer. Define $$\varkappa(f):=\lambda\cap_M\lambda/2.$$ |
Revision as of 09:37, 1 December 2023
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Contents |
1 Introduction
For a general introduction to embeddings as well as the notation and conventions used on this page, we refer to [Skopenkov2016c, 1, 3].
2 Examples
There are smooth embeddings which are not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding. They are PS (piecewise smoothly) isotopic to the standard embedding (by the Zeeman Unknotting Spheres Theorem 2.3 of [Skopenkov2016c] and [Skopenkov2016f, Remark 1.1]).
Example 2.1. (a) Analogously to the Haefliger trefoil knot for any one constructs a smooth embedding , see [Skopenkov2016h, 5]. For even is not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding; represents a generator of [Haefliger1962].
It would be interesting to know if for odd this embedding is a generator of . The last phrase of [Haefliger1962t] suggests that this is true for .
(b) For any let be the homotopy class of the Hopf map. Denote by the Zeeman map, see [Skopenkov2016h, Definition 2.2]. The embedded connected sum of the components of (a representative of) is not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding; is a generator of [Skopenkov2015a, Corollary 2.13].
3 Invariants
Let us define the 'Haefliger invariant' . The definition is motivated by Haefliger's proof that any embedding is isotopic to the standard embedding for , and by analyzing what obstructs carrying this proof for .
By [Haefliger1962, 2.1, 2.2] any embedding has a framing extendable to a framed embedding of an orientable -manifold whose boundary is , whose signature is zero. For an integer -cycle in let be the linking number of with a slight shift of along the first vector of the framing. This defines a map . This map is a homomorphism (as opposed to the Arf map defined in a similar way). Then by Lefschetz duality there is a unique such that for any . Since has a normal framing, its intersection form is even, hence is an even integer. DefineBy [Haefliger1962, Theorem 2.6] this is well-defined (i.e. is independent of , , and the framings), and is invariant under isotopy of .
Since the signature of is zero, ther is a symplectic basis in . Then clearly
For an alternative definition via Seifert surfaces in see [Guillou&Marin1986], [Takase2006]; cf. [Skopenkov2008].
4 Classification
Theorem 4.1 [Levine1965, Corollary in p. 44], [Haefliger1966]. For the group is finite unless and , when is the sum of and a finite group.
Theorem 4.2 (Haefliger-Milgram). We have the following table for the group ; in the whole table ; in the fifth column ; in the last two columns :
Proof for the first four columns, and for the fifth column when is odd, are presented in [Haefliger1966, 8.15] (or are deduced from that paper using simple calculations, cf. [Skopenkov2005, 3]; (there is a typo in [Haefliger1966, 8.15]: should be ). The remaining results follow from [Haefliger1966, 8.15] and [Milgram1972, Theorem F]. Alternative proofs for the cases are given in [Skopenkov2005], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2008].
Theorem 4.3 [Milgram1972, Corollary G]. We have if and only if either , or , or and , or and .
For a description of 2-components of see [Milgram1972, Theorem F].
Observe that no reliable reference (containing complete proofs) of results announced in [Milgram1972] appeared. Thus, strictly speaking, the corresponding results are conjectures.
The lowest-dimensional unknown groups are and . Hopefully application of Kreck surgery could be useful to find these groups, cf. [Skopenkov2005], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2008].
For the group has been described as follows, in terms of exact sequences [Haefliger1966], cf. [Levine1965], [Haefliger1966a], [Milgram1972], [Habegger1986].
Theorem 4.4 [Haefliger1966]. For there is the following exact sequence of abelian groups:
Here be the space of maps of degree . Restricting an element of to identifies as a subspace of . Let . Analogously define . Let be the stabilization homomorphism. The attaching invariant and the map are defined in [Haefliger1966], see also [Skopenkov2005, 3].
5 Some remarks on codimension 2 knots
For the best known specific case, i.e. for codimension 2 embeddings of spheres (in particular, for the classical theory of knots in ), a complete readily calculable classification (in the sense of Remark 1.2 of [Skopenkov2016c]) is neither known nor expected at the time of writing. However, there is a vast literature on codimension 2 knots. See e.g. the interesting papers [Farber1981], [Farber1983], [Kearton1983], [Farber1984].
On the other hand, if one studies embeddings up to the weaker relation of concordance, then much is known. See e.g. [Levine1969a] and [Ranicki1998].
6 References
- [Crowley&Skopenkov2008] D. Crowley and A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, II, Intern. J. Math., 22:6 (2011) 731-757. Available at the arXiv:0808.1795.
- [Farber1981] M. Sh. Farber, Classification of stable fibered knots, Mat. Sb. (N.S.), 115(157):2(6) (1981) 223–262.
- [Farber1983] M. Sh. Farber, The classification of simple knots, Russian Math. Surveys, 38:5 (1983).
- [Farber1984] M. Sh. Farber, An algebraic classification of some even-dimensional spherical knots I, II, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 281 (1984), 507-528; 529-570.
- [Guillou&Marin1986] L. Guillou and A.Marin, Eds., A la r\'echerche de la topologie perdue, 1986, Progress in Math., 62, Birkhauser, Basel
- [Habegger1986] N. Habegger, Knots and links in codimension greater than 2, Topology, 25:3 (1986) 253--260.
- [Haefliger1962] A. Haefliger, Knotted -spheres in -space, Ann. of Math. (2) 75 (1962), 452–466. MR0145539 (26 #3070) Zbl 0105.17407
- [Haefliger1962t] A. Haefliger, Differentiable links, Topology, 1 (1962) 241--244
- [Haefliger1966] A. Haefliger, Differential embeddings of in for , Ann. of Math. (2) 83 (1966), 402–436. MR0202151 (34 #2024) Zbl 0151.32502
- [Haefliger1966a] A. Haefliger, Enlacements de sphères en co-dimension supérieure à 2, Comment. Math. Helv.41 (1966), 51-72. MR0212818 (35 #3683) Zbl 0149.20801
- [Kearton1983] C. Kearton, An algebraic classification of certain simple even-dimensional knots, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 176 (1983), 1–53.
- [Levine1965] J. Levine, A classification of differentiable knots, Ann. of Math. (2) 82 (1965), 15–50. MR0180981 (31 #5211) Zbl 0136.21102
- [Levine1969a] J. Levine, Knot cobordism groups in codimension two, Comment. Math. Helv. 44 (1969), 229–244. MR0246314 (39 #7618) Zbl 0176.22101
- [Milgram1972] R. J. Milgram, On the Haefliger knot groups, Bull. of the Amer. Math. Soc., 78:5 (1972) 861--865.
- [Ranicki1998] A. Ranicki, High-dimensional knot theory, Springer-Verlag, 1998. MR1713074 (2000i:57044) Zbl 1059.19003
- [Skopenkov2005] A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, Topol. Appl., 157 (2010) 2094-2110. Available at the arXiv:0512594.
- [Skopenkov2008] A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 3-manifolds in 6-space, Math. Z. 260 (2008), no.3, 647–672. Available at the arXiv:0603429MR2434474 (2010e:57028) Zbl 1167.57013
- [Skopenkov2015a] A. Skopenkov, A classification of knotted tori, Proc. A of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 150:2 (2020), 549-567. Full version: http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04470
- [Skopenkov2016c] A. Skopenkov, Embeddings in Euclidean space: an introduction to their classification, to appear to Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Skopenkov2016f] A. Skopenkov, 4-manifolds in 7-space, to appear in Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Skopenkov2016h] A. Skopenkov, High codimension links, to appear in Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Takase2006] M. Takase, Homology 3-spheres in codimension three, Internat. J. Math. 17 (2006), no.8, 869–885.
arxiv:math/0506464 MR2261638 (2007g:57049) Zbl 1113.57013
, $\S]{Skopenkov2016c}. == Examples ==2 Examples
There are smooth embeddings which are not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding. They are PS (piecewise smoothly) isotopic to the standard embedding (by the Zeeman Unknotting Spheres Theorem 2.3 of [Skopenkov2016c] and [Skopenkov2016f, Remark 1.1]).
Example 2.1. (a) Analogously to the Haefliger trefoil knot for any one constructs a smooth embedding , see [Skopenkov2016h, 5]. For even is not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding; represents a generator of [Haefliger1962].
It would be interesting to know if for odd this embedding is a generator of . The last phrase of [Haefliger1962t] suggests that this is true for .
(b) For any let be the homotopy class of the Hopf map. Denote by the Zeeman map, see [Skopenkov2016h, Definition 2.2]. The embedded connected sum of the components of (a representative of) is not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding; is a generator of [Skopenkov2015a, Corollary 2.13].
3 Invariants
Let us define the 'Haefliger invariant' . The definition is motivated by Haefliger's proof that any embedding is isotopic to the standard embedding for , and by analyzing what obstructs carrying this proof for .
By [Haefliger1962, 2.1, 2.2] any embedding has a framing extendable to a framed embedding of an orientable -manifold whose boundary is , whose signature is zero. For an integer -cycle in let be the linking number of with a slight shift of along the first vector of the framing. This defines a map . This map is a homomorphism (as opposed to the Arf map defined in a similar way). Then by Lefschetz duality there is a unique such that for any . Since has a normal framing, its intersection form is even, hence is an even integer. DefineBy [Haefliger1962, Theorem 2.6] this is well-defined (i.e. is independent of , , and the framings), and is invariant under isotopy of .
Since the signature of is zero, ther is a symplectic basis in . Then clearly
For an alternative definition via Seifert surfaces in see [Guillou&Marin1986], [Takase2006]; cf. [Skopenkov2008].
4 Classification
Theorem 4.1 [Levine1965, Corollary in p. 44], [Haefliger1966]. For the group is finite unless and , when is the sum of and a finite group.
Theorem 4.2 (Haefliger-Milgram). We have the following table for the group ; in the whole table ; in the fifth column ; in the last two columns :
Proof for the first four columns, and for the fifth column when is odd, are presented in [Haefliger1966, 8.15] (or are deduced from that paper using simple calculations, cf. [Skopenkov2005, 3]; (there is a typo in [Haefliger1966, 8.15]: should be ). The remaining results follow from [Haefliger1966, 8.15] and [Milgram1972, Theorem F]. Alternative proofs for the cases are given in [Skopenkov2005], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2008].
Theorem 4.3 [Milgram1972, Corollary G]. We have if and only if either , or , or and , or and .
For a description of 2-components of see [Milgram1972, Theorem F].
Observe that no reliable reference (containing complete proofs) of results announced in [Milgram1972] appeared. Thus, strictly speaking, the corresponding results are conjectures.
The lowest-dimensional unknown groups are and . Hopefully application of Kreck surgery could be useful to find these groups, cf. [Skopenkov2005], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2008].
For the group has been described as follows, in terms of exact sequences [Haefliger1966], cf. [Levine1965], [Haefliger1966a], [Milgram1972], [Habegger1986].
Theorem 4.4 [Haefliger1966]. For there is the following exact sequence of abelian groups:
Here be the space of maps of degree . Restricting an element of to identifies as a subspace of . Let . Analogously define . Let be the stabilization homomorphism. The attaching invariant and the map are defined in [Haefliger1966], see also [Skopenkov2005, 3].
5 Some remarks on codimension 2 knots
For the best known specific case, i.e. for codimension 2 embeddings of spheres (in particular, for the classical theory of knots in ), a complete readily calculable classification (in the sense of Remark 1.2 of [Skopenkov2016c]) is neither known nor expected at the time of writing. However, there is a vast literature on codimension 2 knots. See e.g. the interesting papers [Farber1981], [Farber1983], [Kearton1983], [Farber1984].
On the other hand, if one studies embeddings up to the weaker relation of concordance, then much is known. See e.g. [Levine1969a] and [Ranicki1998].
6 References
- [Crowley&Skopenkov2008] D. Crowley and A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, II, Intern. J. Math., 22:6 (2011) 731-757. Available at the arXiv:0808.1795.
- [Farber1981] M. Sh. Farber, Classification of stable fibered knots, Mat. Sb. (N.S.), 115(157):2(6) (1981) 223–262.
- [Farber1983] M. Sh. Farber, The classification of simple knots, Russian Math. Surveys, 38:5 (1983).
- [Farber1984] M. Sh. Farber, An algebraic classification of some even-dimensional spherical knots I, II, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 281 (1984), 507-528; 529-570.
- [Guillou&Marin1986] L. Guillou and A.Marin, Eds., A la r\'echerche de la topologie perdue, 1986, Progress in Math., 62, Birkhauser, Basel
- [Habegger1986] N. Habegger, Knots and links in codimension greater than 2, Topology, 25:3 (1986) 253--260.
- [Haefliger1962] A. Haefliger, Knotted -spheres in -space, Ann. of Math. (2) 75 (1962), 452–466. MR0145539 (26 #3070) Zbl 0105.17407
- [Haefliger1962t] A. Haefliger, Differentiable links, Topology, 1 (1962) 241--244
- [Haefliger1966] A. Haefliger, Differential embeddings of in for , Ann. of Math. (2) 83 (1966), 402–436. MR0202151 (34 #2024) Zbl 0151.32502
- [Haefliger1966a] A. Haefliger, Enlacements de sphères en co-dimension supérieure à 2, Comment. Math. Helv.41 (1966), 51-72. MR0212818 (35 #3683) Zbl 0149.20801
- [Kearton1983] C. Kearton, An algebraic classification of certain simple even-dimensional knots, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 176 (1983), 1–53.
- [Levine1965] J. Levine, A classification of differentiable knots, Ann. of Math. (2) 82 (1965), 15–50. MR0180981 (31 #5211) Zbl 0136.21102
- [Levine1969a] J. Levine, Knot cobordism groups in codimension two, Comment. Math. Helv. 44 (1969), 229–244. MR0246314 (39 #7618) Zbl 0176.22101
- [Milgram1972] R. J. Milgram, On the Haefliger knot groups, Bull. of the Amer. Math. Soc., 78:5 (1972) 861--865.
- [Ranicki1998] A. Ranicki, High-dimensional knot theory, Springer-Verlag, 1998. MR1713074 (2000i:57044) Zbl 1059.19003
- [Skopenkov2005] A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, Topol. Appl., 157 (2010) 2094-2110. Available at the arXiv:0512594.
- [Skopenkov2008] A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 3-manifolds in 6-space, Math. Z. 260 (2008), no.3, 647–672. Available at the arXiv:0603429MR2434474 (2010e:57028) Zbl 1167.57013
- [Skopenkov2015a] A. Skopenkov, A classification of knotted tori, Proc. A of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 150:2 (2020), 549-567. Full version: http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04470
- [Skopenkov2016c] A. Skopenkov, Embeddings in Euclidean space: an introduction to their classification, to appear to Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Skopenkov2016f] A. Skopenkov, 4-manifolds in 7-space, to appear in Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Skopenkov2016h] A. Skopenkov, High codimension links, to appear in Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Takase2006] M. Takase, Homology 3-spheres in codimension three, Internat. J. Math. 17 (2006), no.8, 869–885.
2 Examples
There are smooth embeddings which are not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding. They are PS (piecewise smoothly) isotopic to the standard embedding (by the Zeeman Unknotting Spheres Theorem 2.3 of [Skopenkov2016c] and [Skopenkov2016f, Remark 1.1]).
Example 2.1. (a) Analogously to the Haefliger trefoil knot for any one constructs a smooth embedding , see [Skopenkov2016h, 5]. For even is not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding; represents a generator of [Haefliger1962].
It would be interesting to know if for odd this embedding is a generator of . The last phrase of [Haefliger1962t] suggests that this is true for .
(b) For any let be the homotopy class of the Hopf map. Denote by the Zeeman map, see [Skopenkov2016h, Definition 2.2]. The embedded connected sum of the components of (a representative of) is not smoothly isotopic to the standard embedding; is a generator of [Skopenkov2015a, Corollary 2.13].
3 Invariants
Let us define the 'Haefliger invariant' . The definition is motivated by Haefliger's proof that any embedding is isotopic to the standard embedding for , and by analyzing what obstructs carrying this proof for .
By [Haefliger1962, 2.1, 2.2] any embedding has a framing extendable to a framed embedding of an orientable -manifold whose boundary is , whose signature is zero. For an integer -cycle in let be the linking number of with a slight shift of along the first vector of the framing. This defines a map . This map is a homomorphism (as opposed to the Arf map defined in a similar way). Then by Lefschetz duality there is a unique such that for any . Since has a normal framing, its intersection form is even, hence is an even integer. DefineBy [Haefliger1962, Theorem 2.6] this is well-defined (i.e. is independent of , , and the framings), and is invariant under isotopy of .
Since the signature of is zero, ther is a symplectic basis in . Then clearly
For an alternative definition via Seifert surfaces in see [Guillou&Marin1986], [Takase2006]; cf. [Skopenkov2008].
4 Classification
Theorem 4.1 [Levine1965, Corollary in p. 44], [Haefliger1966]. For the group is finite unless and , when is the sum of and a finite group.
Theorem 4.2 (Haefliger-Milgram). We have the following table for the group ; in the whole table ; in the fifth column ; in the last two columns :
Proof for the first four columns, and for the fifth column when is odd, are presented in [Haefliger1966, 8.15] (or are deduced from that paper using simple calculations, cf. [Skopenkov2005, 3]; (there is a typo in [Haefliger1966, 8.15]: should be ). The remaining results follow from [Haefliger1966, 8.15] and [Milgram1972, Theorem F]. Alternative proofs for the cases are given in [Skopenkov2005], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2008].
Theorem 4.3 [Milgram1972, Corollary G]. We have if and only if either , or , or and , or and .
For a description of 2-components of see [Milgram1972, Theorem F].
Observe that no reliable reference (containing complete proofs) of results announced in [Milgram1972] appeared. Thus, strictly speaking, the corresponding results are conjectures.
The lowest-dimensional unknown groups are and . Hopefully application of Kreck surgery could be useful to find these groups, cf. [Skopenkov2005], [Crowley&Skopenkov2008], [Skopenkov2008].
For the group has been described as follows, in terms of exact sequences [Haefliger1966], cf. [Levine1965], [Haefliger1966a], [Milgram1972], [Habegger1986].
Theorem 4.4 [Haefliger1966]. For there is the following exact sequence of abelian groups:
Here be the space of maps of degree . Restricting an element of to identifies as a subspace of . Let . Analogously define . Let be the stabilization homomorphism. The attaching invariant and the map are defined in [Haefliger1966], see also [Skopenkov2005, 3].
5 Some remarks on codimension 2 knots
For the best known specific case, i.e. for codimension 2 embeddings of spheres (in particular, for the classical theory of knots in ), a complete readily calculable classification (in the sense of Remark 1.2 of [Skopenkov2016c]) is neither known nor expected at the time of writing. However, there is a vast literature on codimension 2 knots. See e.g. the interesting papers [Farber1981], [Farber1983], [Kearton1983], [Farber1984].
On the other hand, if one studies embeddings up to the weaker relation of concordance, then much is known. See e.g. [Levine1969a] and [Ranicki1998].
6 References
- [Crowley&Skopenkov2008] D. Crowley and A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, II, Intern. J. Math., 22:6 (2011) 731-757. Available at the arXiv:0808.1795.
- [Farber1981] M. Sh. Farber, Classification of stable fibered knots, Mat. Sb. (N.S.), 115(157):2(6) (1981) 223–262.
- [Farber1983] M. Sh. Farber, The classification of simple knots, Russian Math. Surveys, 38:5 (1983).
- [Farber1984] M. Sh. Farber, An algebraic classification of some even-dimensional spherical knots I, II, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 281 (1984), 507-528; 529-570.
- [Guillou&Marin1986] L. Guillou and A.Marin, Eds., A la r\'echerche de la topologie perdue, 1986, Progress in Math., 62, Birkhauser, Basel
- [Habegger1986] N. Habegger, Knots and links in codimension greater than 2, Topology, 25:3 (1986) 253--260.
- [Haefliger1962] A. Haefliger, Knotted -spheres in -space, Ann. of Math. (2) 75 (1962), 452–466. MR0145539 (26 #3070) Zbl 0105.17407
- [Haefliger1962t] A. Haefliger, Differentiable links, Topology, 1 (1962) 241--244
- [Haefliger1966] A. Haefliger, Differential embeddings of in for , Ann. of Math. (2) 83 (1966), 402–436. MR0202151 (34 #2024) Zbl 0151.32502
- [Haefliger1966a] A. Haefliger, Enlacements de sphères en co-dimension supérieure à 2, Comment. Math. Helv.41 (1966), 51-72. MR0212818 (35 #3683) Zbl 0149.20801
- [Kearton1983] C. Kearton, An algebraic classification of certain simple even-dimensional knots, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 176 (1983), 1–53.
- [Levine1965] J. Levine, A classification of differentiable knots, Ann. of Math. (2) 82 (1965), 15–50. MR0180981 (31 #5211) Zbl 0136.21102
- [Levine1969a] J. Levine, Knot cobordism groups in codimension two, Comment. Math. Helv. 44 (1969), 229–244. MR0246314 (39 #7618) Zbl 0176.22101
- [Milgram1972] R. J. Milgram, On the Haefliger knot groups, Bull. of the Amer. Math. Soc., 78:5 (1972) 861--865.
- [Ranicki1998] A. Ranicki, High-dimensional knot theory, Springer-Verlag, 1998. MR1713074 (2000i:57044) Zbl 1059.19003
- [Skopenkov2005] A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 4-manifolds in 7-space, Topol. Appl., 157 (2010) 2094-2110. Available at the arXiv:0512594.
- [Skopenkov2008] A. Skopenkov, A classification of smooth embeddings of 3-manifolds in 6-space, Math. Z. 260 (2008), no.3, 647–672. Available at the arXiv:0603429MR2434474 (2010e:57028) Zbl 1167.57013
- [Skopenkov2015a] A. Skopenkov, A classification of knotted tori, Proc. A of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 150:2 (2020), 549-567. Full version: http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04470
- [Skopenkov2016c] A. Skopenkov, Embeddings in Euclidean space: an introduction to their classification, to appear to Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Skopenkov2016f] A. Skopenkov, 4-manifolds in 7-space, to appear in Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Skopenkov2016h] A. Skopenkov, High codimension links, to appear in Bull. Man. Atl.
- [Takase2006] M. Takase, Homology 3-spheres in codimension three, Internat. J. Math. 17 (2006), no.8, 869–885.