Oriented bordism
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− | == Introduction == | + | {{Stub}}== Introduction == |
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By the [[B-Bordism#The Pontrjagin-Thom isomorphism|Pontrjagin-Thom isomorphism]] the oriented bordism groups $\Omega_n^{SO}$ of closed oriented manifolds are isomorphic to the homotopy groups of the Thom spectrum $MSO$. | By the [[B-Bordism#The Pontrjagin-Thom isomorphism|Pontrjagin-Thom isomorphism]] the oriented bordism groups $\Omega_n^{SO}$ of closed oriented manifolds are isomorphic to the homotopy groups of the Thom spectrum $MSO$. | ||
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* $\Omega_3^{SO}=0$. | * $\Omega_3^{SO}=0$. | ||
− | * $\Omega_4^{SO}=\Zz$, generated by the [[Wikipedia:Complex projective space|complex projective plane]] $\CP^2$. | + | * $\Omega_4^{SO}=\Zz$, generated by the [[Wikipedia:Complex projective space|complex projective plane]] $\CP^2$, detected by the signature. |
− | * $\Omega_5^{SO}=\Zz_2$, generated by the [[1-connected 5-manifolds/1st Edition#Constructions and examples|Wu manifold]] $SU_3/SO_3$. | + | * $\Omega_5^{SO}=\Zz_2$, generated by the [[1-connected 5-manifolds/1st Edition#Constructions and examples|Wu manifold]] $SU_3/SO_3$, detected by the deRham invariant. |
* $\Omega_6^{SO}=\Omega_7^{SO}=0$. | * $\Omega_6^{SO}=\Omega_7^{SO}=0$. | ||
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* $\Omega_8^{SO} \cong \Zz \oplus \Zz$ generated by $\CP^4$ and $\CP^2 \times \CP^2$. | * $\Omega_8^{SO} \cong \Zz \oplus \Zz$ generated by $\CP^4$ and $\CP^2 \times \CP^2$. | ||
− | $\Omega_*^{SO}\otimes \Qq$ is a polynomial ring, with generators $\CP^{2i}$. | + | $\Omega_*^{SO} \neq 0$ for $* \geq 9$: see also {{cite|Milnor&Stasheff1974|p. 203}}. |
+ | |||
+ | $\Omega_*^{SO}\otimes \Qq$ is a polynomial ring, with generators $\CP^{2i}$, detected by the Pontrjagin numbers. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $\Omega_*^{SO}/\text{Tors}$ is an integral polynomial ring with generators the ``Milnor hypersurfaces``. | ||
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[[Wikipedia:Pontryagin class#Pontryagin numbers|Pontryagin number]] $p_J$ of a closed, oriented manifold $M$ of dimension $4n(J)$ is the integer | [[Wikipedia:Pontryagin class#Pontryagin numbers|Pontryagin number]] $p_J$ of a closed, oriented manifold $M$ of dimension $4n(J)$ is the integer | ||
$$ \langle p_{j_1}(M) \cup p_{j_2}(M) \cup \dots \cup p_{j_n}(M), [M]\rangle \in \Zz $$ | $$ \langle p_{j_1}(M) \cup p_{j_2}(M) \cup \dots \cup p_{j_n}(M), [M]\rangle \in \Zz $$ | ||
− | where $p_{k}$ is the k-the Pontrjagin of $M$ and $[M]$ its [[Wikipedia:Fundamental_class|fundamental class]]. The [[Wikipedia:Stiefel-Whitney class#Stiefel–Whitney numbers|Stiefel-Whitney numbers]] of $M$, $w_J(M) \in \Zz/2$, are defined similarly using Stiefel-Whitney classes. These numbers are bordism invariants (see for example {{cite|Milnor& | + | where $p_{k}$ is the k-the Pontrjagin of $M$ and $[M]$ its [[Wikipedia:Fundamental_class|fundamental class]]. The [[Wikipedia:Stiefel-Whitney class#Stiefel–Whitney numbers|Stiefel-Whitney numbers]] of $M$, $w_J(M) \in \Zz/2$, are defined similarly using Stiefel-Whitney classes. These numbers are bordism invariants (see for example {{cite|Milnor&Stasheff1974|Theorm 4.9, Lemma 17.3}}) and clearly additive. Hence we have homomorphisms |
− | $$ p_J : \Omega_{n(J)}^{SO} \to \Zz \text{ | + | $$ p_J : \Omega_{n(J)}^{SO} \to \Zz \quad \text{and} \quad w_J : \Omega_{n(J)}^{SO} \to \Zz/2.$$ |
− | By Hirzebruch's [[Wikipedia:Genus_of_a_multiplicative_sequence#L_genus_and_the_Hirzebruch_signature_theorem|signature theorem]] {{cite|Hirzebruch1953}}, {{cite|Hirzebruch1995|Theorem 8.2.2}}, there is a certain rational polynomial in the Pontrjagin classes, called the L-polynomial $L(p_1, \dots, p_n)$, which computes the signature of | + | By Hirzebruch's [[Wikipedia:Genus_of_a_multiplicative_sequence#L_genus_and_the_Hirzebruch_signature_theorem|signature theorem]] {{cite|Hirzebruch1953}}, {{cite|Hirzebruch1995|Theorem 8.2.2}}, there is a certain rational polynomial in the Pontrjagin classes, called the L-polynomial $L(p_1, \dots, p_n)$, which computes the signature of M |
− | $$ \sigma(M) = \langle | + | $$ \sigma(M) = \langle L_n(p_1(M), \dots , p_n(M)), [M] \rangle.$$ |
+ | For example: | ||
+ | $$L_0 = 1, ~ L_1 = \frac{p_1}{3}, ~ L_2 = \frac{7p_2 - p_1^2}{45}, ~ L_3 = \frac{62p_3-13p_2p_1 + 2p_1^3}{3^3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7}, | ||
+ | L_4 = \frac{381p_4 - 71p_3p_1 - 19p_2^2 + 22p_2p_1^2 - 3p^4}{3^4 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7}.$$ | ||
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there is a ring isomorphism from $\Omega_*^{SO}\otimes \Qq$ to a polynomial ring with generators $\CP^{2i}$. | there is a ring isomorphism from $\Omega_*^{SO}\otimes \Qq$ to a polynomial ring with generators $\CP^{2i}$. | ||
− | Averbuch | + | Independently Averbuch \cite{Averbuh1959} and Milnor {{cite|Milnor1960}} showed that $\Omega_*^{SO}$ has no odd torsion. In addition, Novikov \cite{Novikov1960} showed that $\Omega_*^{SO}/\text{Torsion}$ is isomorphic to a polynomial ring |
− | $\Zz[Y_{ | + | $\Zz[Y_4,Y_8,Y_{12}, \dots ]$. Here a generator $Y_{4k}$ can be any $4k$-dimensional manifold such that the Pontryagin number |
− | $s_i(p_1,\dots p_k)(Y)$ equals $\pm1$, if $2k+1$ is not a prime power, or equals $\pm q$, if $2k+1$ is a power of the prime $q$. | + | $s_i(p_1,\dots, p_k)(Y)$ equals $\pm1$, if $2k+1$ is not a prime power, or equals $\pm q$, if $2k+1$ is a power of the prime $q$. |
(Here $s_i$ is the polynomial which expresses $\sum t_k^i$ in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials of the $t_i$.) | (Here $s_i$ is the polynomial which expresses $\sum t_k^i$ in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials of the $t_i$.) | ||
− | Wall {{cite|Wall1960}}, using earlier results of | + | Wall {{cite|Wall1960}}, using earlier results of \cite{Rokhlin1953}, determined the structure of $\Omega_*^{SO}$ completely. In particular he proved the following theorems. |
− | {{beginthm|Theorem| | + | {{beginthm|Theorem|{{cite|Wall1960|Theorem 2}}}} |
All torsion in $\Omega_*^{SO}$ is of exponent 2. | All torsion in $\Omega_*^{SO}$ is of exponent 2. | ||
{{endthm}} | {{endthm}} | ||
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For the complete ring structure, we first describe the subalgebra $\mathcal{W}$ of the unoriented bordism ring $\mathcal{N}$ | For the complete ring structure, we first describe the subalgebra $\mathcal{W}$ of the unoriented bordism ring $\mathcal{N}$ | ||
consisting of classes which contain a manifold $M$ whose first Stiefel-Whitney class is the reduction of an integral class. | consisting of classes which contain a manifold $M$ whose first Stiefel-Whitney class is the reduction of an integral class. | ||
− | $\mathcal{W}$ is a polynomial ring on | + | $\mathcal{W}$ is a polynomial ring with coefficients $\Zz/2$ on generators $X_j$ where neither $j$ nor $j+1$ are powers of 2, together with generators $X_k^2$ where $k$ is a power of 2. These generators can be described explicitly as follows: |
− | * For $k=2^{r-1}(2s+1)$ with integers $r$ and $s>0$ (i.e. $k$ not a power of 2), | + | * For $k=2^{r-1}(2s+1)$ with integers $r$ and $s>0$ (i.e. $k$ not a power of 2), the generator $X_{2k-1}$ is the [[Unoriented bordism#Construction and examples|Dold manifold]] $P(2^r-1,2^rs)$ and the generator $X_{2k}$ is the mapping torus of the map $X_{2k-1}\to X_{2k-1}$ given by the reflection of $S^{2^r-1}$ at the equator. |
− | + | *For $k$ not a power of 2, the generator $X_{2k}$ is the mapping torus of a certain involution $A: X_{2k-1}\to X_{2k-1}$. Indeed any [[Unoriented bordism#Construction and examples|Dold manifold]] $P(m,n) = (S^m \times \C P^n)/\tau$ has the involution $A[(x_0, \ldots, x_{m-1},x_m),z] = A[(x_0, \ldots, x_{m-1},-x_m),z]$. | |
− | * For $k$ a power of 2, the generator $X_k^2 | + | * For $k$ a power of 2, the generator $X_k^2$ is $\RP^k\times \RP^k$. This generator is also represented by $\CP^k$. |
Now there is an exact sequence | Now there is an exact sequence | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{#RefList:}} | {{#RefList:}} | ||
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[[Category:Manifolds]] | [[Category:Manifolds]] | ||
− | + | [[Category:Bordism]] |
Latest revision as of 11:26, 22 July 2019
This page has not been refereed. The information given here might be incomplete or provisional. |
Contents |
1 Introduction
By the Pontrjagin-Thom isomorphism the oriented bordism groups of closed oriented manifolds are isomorphic to the homotopy groups of the Thom spectrum .
2 Generators
- , generated by a point.
- , as circles bound disks.
- , as oriented surfaces bound handlebodies.
- .
- , generated by the complex projective plane , detected by the signature.
- , generated by the Wu manifold , detected by the deRham invariant.
- .
- generated by and .
for : see also [Milnor&Stasheff1974, p. 203].
is a polynomial ring, with generators , detected by the Pontrjagin numbers.
is an integral polynomial ring with generators the ``Milnor hypersurfaces``.
3 Invariants
The signature of a closed oriented manifold is a fundamental bordism invariant defining a ring homomorphism
(Note that manifolds of dimension not divisible by 4 have signature zero.)
For a muli-index of degree the Pontryagin number of a closed, oriented manifold of dimension is the integer
where is the k-the Pontrjagin of and its fundamental class. The Stiefel-Whitney numbers of , , are defined similarly using Stiefel-Whitney classes. These numbers are bordism invariants (see for example [Milnor&Stasheff1974, Theorm 4.9, Lemma 17.3]) and clearly additive. Hence we have homomorphisms
By Hirzebruch's signature theorem [Hirzebruch1953], [Hirzebruch1995, Theorem 8.2.2], there is a certain rational polynomial in the Pontrjagin classes, called the L-polynomial , which computes the signature of M
For example:
4 Classification
Thom [Thom1954] computed . This is equivalent to the computation of the rational (co)homology of , as shown here. The cohomology is a polynomial ring with generators the Pontryagin classes, so that Pontryagin numbers give an additive isomorphism . Since all products of have linearly independent collections of Pontryagin numbers, there is a ring isomorphism from to a polynomial ring with generators .
Independently Averbuch [Averbuh1959] and Milnor [Milnor1960] showed that has no odd torsion. In addition, Novikov [Novikov1960] showed that is isomorphic to a polynomial ring . Here a generator can be any -dimensional manifold such that the Pontryagin number equals , if is not a prime power, or equals , if is a power of the prime . (Here is the polynomial which expresses in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials of the .)
Wall [Wall1960], using earlier results of [Rokhlin1953], determined the structure of completely. In particular he proved the following theorems.
Theorem 3.1 [Wall1960, Theorem 2]. All torsion in is of exponent 2.
Theorem 3.2 [Wall1960, Corollary 1]. Two closed oriented n-manifolds and are oriented cobordant if and only if they have the same Stiefel-Whitney and Pontryagin numbers:
For the complete ring structure, we first describe the subalgebra of the unoriented bordism ring consisting of classes which contain a manifold whose first Stiefel-Whitney class is the reduction of an integral class. is a polynomial ring with coefficients on generators where neither nor are powers of 2, together with generators where is a power of 2. These generators can be described explicitly as follows:
- For with integers and (i.e. not a power of 2), the generator is the Dold manifold and the generator is the mapping torus of the map given by the reflection of at the equator.
- For not a power of 2, the generator is the mapping torus of a certain involution . Indeed any Dold manifold has the involution .
- For a power of 2, the generator is . This generator is also represented by .
Now there is an exact sequence
where the ring homomorphism is induced by the forgetful map , and is the derivation .
Together with the result that one can choose generators for such that , this determines the ring structure of .
5 References
- [Averbuh1959] B. G. Averbuh, Algebraic structure of cobordism groups, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 125 (1959), 11–14. MR0124894 (23 #A2204)
- [Hirzebruch1953] F. Hirzebruch, Über die quaternionalen projektiven Räume, S.-B. Math.-Nat. Kl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1953 (1953), 301–312 (1954). MR0065155 (16,389a) Zbl 0057.15503
- [Hirzebruch1995] F. Hirzebruch, Topological methods in algebraic geometry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995. MR1335917 (96c:57002) Zbl 0843.14009
- [Milnor&Stasheff1974] J. W. Milnor and J. D. Stasheff, Characteristic classes, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1974. MR0440554 (55 #13428) Zbl 1079.57504
- [Milnor1960] J. Milnor, On the cobordism ring and a complex analogue. I, Amer. J. Math. 82 (1960), 505–521. MR0119209 (22 #9975) Zbl 0095.16702
- [Novikov1960] S. P. Novikov, Some problems in the topology of manifolds connected with the theory of Thom spaces, Soviet Math. Dokl. 1 (1960), 717–720. MR0121815 (22 #12545) Zbl 0094.35902
- [Rokhlin1953] V. A. Rohlin, Intrinsic homologies, Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR (N.S.) 89 (1953), 789–792. MR0056292 (15,53b)
- [Thom1954] R. Thom, Quelques propriétés globales des variétés différentiables, Comment. Math. Helv. 28 (1954), 17–86. MR0061823 (15,890a) Zbl 0057.15502
- [Wall1960] C. T. C. Wall, Determination of the cobordism ring, Ann. of Math. (2) 72 (1960), 292–311. MR0120654 (22 #11403) Zbl 0097.38801