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This page is devoted to aspherical closed manifolds.
Definition 1.1.
A space is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
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$-cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the X is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
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$-skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the X is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
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$-skeleton of $X$ is a bouquet of X is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
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$-dimensional spheres. The map $\phi$ tells us how to define $f_1 \colon X_1 \to Y$, where $X_n$ will denote the $n$-skeleton of $X_n$. The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of $X$ with $f_1$ are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend $f_1$ to a map $f_2 \colon X_2 \to Y$. Since all higher homotopy groups of $Y$ are trivial, we can extend $f_2$ to a map $f \colon X \to Y$.
{{endproof}}
{{beginthm|Lemma|}} A $CW$-complex $X$ is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering $\widetilde{X}$ is contractible.
{{endthm}}
{{beginproof}} The projection $p \colon \widetilde{X} \to X$ induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups $\pi_n$ for $n \ge 2$ and a connected $CW$-complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Whitehead1978}}|Whitehead1978]], Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]{{#RefAdd:Whitehead1978}}).
{{endproof}}
An aspherical $CW$-complex $X$ with fundamental group $\pi$ is the same as an ''Eilenberg Mac-Lane space $K(\pi,1)$ of type $(\pi,1)$'' and the same as the ''classifying space $B\pi$ for the group $\pi$''.
;
==Examples of aspherical manifolds==
;
;
===Non-positive curvature===
;
Let $M$ be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is $\le 0$ everywhere. Then the universal covering $\widetilde{M}$ inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since $\widetilde{M}$ is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987}}|Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987]], 3.87 on page 134]{{#RefAdd:Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987}}) implies that $\widetilde{M}$ is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$ and hence contractible. We conclude that $\widetilde{M}$ and hence $M$ is aspherical.
;
===Low-dimensions===
;
A connected closed X is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
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$-dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to $S^1$ and hence aspherical.
Let $M$ be a connected closed $-dimensional manifold. Then $M$ is either aspherical or homeomorphic to $S^2$ or $\mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^2$. The following statements are equivalent:
# $M$ is aspherical.
# $M$ admits a Riemannian metric which is ''flat'', i.e., with sectional curvature constant is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
[Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008] A. Bartels, S. Echterhoff and W. Lück, Inheritance of Isomorphism Conjectures under colimits, K-theory and noncommutative geometry, EMS Ser. Congr. Rep., Eur. Math. Soc., Zürich, (2008) 41–70. MR2513332Zbl 1159.19005
[Bartels&Lück2012] A. Bartels and W. Lück, The Borel conjecture for hyperbolic and CAT(0)-groups., Ann. of Math. (2) 175 (2012), 631–689. MR2993750Zbl 06025000
[Cannon1991] J. W. Cannon, The theory of negatively curved spaces and groups, Ergodic theory, symbolic dynamics, and hyperbolic spaces (Trieste, 1989), Oxford Univ. Press (1991), 315–369. MR1130181 ()Zbl 0764.57002
[Davis2008] M. W. Davis, The geometry and topology of Coxeter groups, London Mathematical Society Monographs Series, 32. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2008. MR2360474 (2008k:20091)Zbl 1142.20020
[Farrell&Jones1991] F. T. Farrell and L. E. Jones, Rigidity in geometry and topology, Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. I, II (Kyoto, 1990), 653–663, Math. Soc. Japan, Tokyo, 1991. MR1159252 (93g:57041)Zbl 0745.57008
[Farrell&Jones1993] F. T. Farrell and L. E. Jones, Topological rigidity for compact non-positively curved manifolds, Differential geometry: Riemannian geometry (Los Angeles, CA, 1990), Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 54, Part 3, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, (1993), 229–274. MR1216623 (94m:57067)Zbl 0796.53043
[Ferry&Pedersen1995] S. C. Ferry and E. K. Pedersen, Epsilon surgery theory, Novikov conjectures, index theorems and rigidity, Vol. 2 (Oberwolfach, 1993), Cambridge Univ. Press (1995), 167–226. MR1388311 (97g:57044)Zbl 0956.57020
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[Hirzebruch1971] F. Hirzebruch, The signature theorem: reminiscences and recreation, Prospects in mathematics (Proc. Sympos., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J., 1970), Ann. of Math. Studies, No. 70, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J. (1971) 3–31. MR0368023 (51 #4265)Zbl 0252.58009
[Kreck&Lück2009] M. Kreck and W. Lück, Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds, Pure Appl. Math. Q. 5 (2009), no.3, Special Issue: In honor of Friedrich Hirzebruch., 873–914. MR2532709 (2010g:57026)Zbl 1196.57018
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[Novikov1970] S. P. Novikov, Algebraic construction and properties of Hermitian analogs of -theory over rings with involution from the viewpoint of Hamiltonian formalism. Applications to differential topology and the theory of characteristic classes. I. II, Math. USSR-Izv. 4 (1970), 257–292; ibid. 4 (1970), 479–505; translated from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 34 (1970), 253–288; ibid. 34 (1970), 475. MR0292913 (45 #1994)Zbl 0216.45003Zbl 0233.57009
$, or which is ''hyperbolic'', i.e., with sectional curvature constant $-1$.
# The universal covering of $M$ is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^2$.
A connected closed $-manifold $M$ is called ''prime'' if for any decomposition as a connected sum $M \cong M_0 \sharp M_1$ one of the summands $M_0$ or $M_1$ is homeomorphic to $S^3$. It is called ''irreducible'' if any embedded sphere $S^2$ bounds a disk $D^3$. Every irreducible closed $-manifold is prime. A prime closed $-manifold is either irreducible or an $S^2$-bundle over $S^1$ (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Hempel1976}}|Hempel1976]], Lemma 3.13 on page 28]{{#RefAdd:Hempel1976}}). A closed orientable $-manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [[[#{{anchorencode:Hempel1976}}|Hempel1976]], Theorem 4.3 on page 40]{{#RefAdd:Hempel1976}}. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed $-manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^3$. This follows from [[[#{{anchorencode:Hempel1976}}|Hempel1976]], Theorem 13.4 on page 142]{{#RefAdd:Hempel1976}} and the fact that the $-dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold $\mathbb{R}^3$ (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Scott1983}}|Scott1983]]]{{#RefAdd:Scott1983}}). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [[[#{{anchorencode:Morgan&Tian2008}}|Morgan&Tian2008]]]{{#RefAdd:Morgan&Tian2008}} following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable $-manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Leeb1995}}|Leeb1995]]]{{#RefAdd:Leeb1995}}). For more information about $-manifolds we refer for instance to [[[#{{anchorencode:Hempel1976}}|Hempel1976]], [[#{{anchorencode:Scott1983}}|Scott1983]]]{{#RefAdd:Hempel1976}}{{#RefAdd:Scott1983}}.
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===Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups===
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Let $L$ be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let $K \subseteq L$ be a maximal compact subgroup. Let $G \subseteq L$ be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then $M = G\backslash L/K$ is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group $G$ since its universal covering $L/K$ is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$ for appropriate $n$ (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Helgason2001}}|Helgason2001]], Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]{{#RefAdd:Helgason2001}}).
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===Products and fibrations===
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Obviously the product $X \times Y$ of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if $F \to E \to B$ is a fibration for aspherical spaces $B$ and $F$, then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that $E$ is aspherical.
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===Pushouts===
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Let $X$ be a $CW$-complex with sub-$CW$-complexes $X_0$, $X_1$ and $X_2$ such that $X = X_1 \cup X_2$ and $X_0 = X_1 \cap X_2$. Suppose that $X_0$, $X_1$ and $X_2$ are aspherical and that for $i=0,1,2$ and each base point $x_i \in X_i$ the inclusion induces an injection $\pi_1 (X_i, x_i) \to \pi_1(X,x_i)$. Then $X$ is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of $\widetilde{X}$ is trivial as $\widetilde{X}$ is the union of $\pi_1(X) \times_{\pi_1(X_1)} \widetilde{X_1}$ and $\pi_1(X) \times_{\pi_1(X_2)} \widetilde{X_2}$, and $\pi_1(X) \times_{\pi_1(X_0)} \widetilde{X_0}$ is the intersection of $\pi_1(X) \times_{\pi_1(X_1)} \widetilde{X_1}$ and $\pi_1(X) \times_{\pi_1(X_2)} \widetilde{X_2}$. Hence $\widetilde{X}$ is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Whitehead1978}}|Whitehead1978]], Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]{{#RefAdd:Whitehead1978}}).
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===Hyperbolization===
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A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the ''hyperbolization technique'' due to Gromov [[[#{{anchorencode:Gromov1987}}|Gromov1987]]]{{#RefAdd:Gromov1987}}. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the ''orientable hyperbolization procedure'' gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [[[#{{anchorencode:Charney&Davis1995}}|Charney&Davis1995]], [[#{{anchorencode:Davis2002}}|Davis2002]], [[#{{anchorencode:Davis2008}}|Davis2008]], [[#{{anchorencode:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]]]{{#RefAdd:Charney&Davis1995}}{{#RefAdd:Davis2002}}{{#RefAdd:Davis2008}}{{#RefAdd:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex $\Sigma$ and assign to it a cubical cell complex $h(\Sigma)$ and a natural map $c \colon h(\Sigma) \to \Sigma$ with the following properties:
# $h(\Sigma)$ is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
# The natural map $c \colon h(\Sigma) \to \Sigma$ induces a surjection on the integral homology;
# $\pi_1(f) \colon \pi_1(h(\Sigma)) \to \pi_1(\Sigma)$ is surjective;
# If $\Sigma$ is an orientable manifold, then
# $h(\Sigma)$ is a manifold;
# The natural map $c \colon h(\Sigma) \to \Sigma$ has degree one;
# There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle $Th(\Sigma)$ and the pullback $c^*T\Sigma$;
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===Exotic aspherical closed manifolds===
;
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]], Theorem 5a.1]{{#RefAdd:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|}}
There is an aspherical closed $-manifold $N$ with the following properties:
# $N$ is not homotopy equivalent to a $PL$-manifold;
# $N$ is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
# The universal covering $\widetilde{N}$ is not homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^4$;
# $N$ is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
{{endthm}}
The next result is due to Davis-Januszkiewicz [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]], Theorem 5a.4]{{#RefAdd:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Non-PL-example]}}
For every $n \ge 4$ there exists an aspherical closed $n$-manifold which is not homotopy equivalent to a PL-manifold
{{endthm}}
The proof of the following theorem can be found in [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis1983}}|Davis1983]]]{{#RefAdd:Davis1983}}, [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]], Theorem 5b.1]{{#RefAdd:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Exotic universal covering]}} For each $n \ge 4$ there exists an aspherical closed $n$-dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$.
{{endthm}}
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987}}|Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987]], 3.87 on page 134]{{#RefAdd:Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987}}) the manifold appearing in Theorem \ref{the:universal_covering_notIR} above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]], Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386]{{#RefAdd:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}} by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group]}}
For every $n \ge 5$ there exists an aspherical closed smooth $n$-dimensional manifold $N$ which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$ but $N$ is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
{{endthm}}
The next results are due to Belegradek [[[#{{anchorencode:Belegradek2006}}|Belegradek2006]], Corollary 5.1]{{#RefAdd:Belegradek2006}}, Mess [[[#{{anchorencode:Mess1990}}|Mess1990]]]{{#RefAdd:Mess1990}} and Weinberger (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis2002}}|Davis2002]], Section 13]{{#RefAdd:Davis2002}}).
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Exotic fundamental groups]}}
# For every $n \ge 4$ there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension $n$ whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
# For every $n \ge 4$ there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension $n$ whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
{{endthm}}
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a $\operatorname{CAT}(0)$-group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Belegradek2006}}|Belegradek2006]], Remark 5.2]{{#RefAdd:Belegradek2006}}). The proof of Theorem \ref{the:Exotic_fundamental_groups} is based on the ''reflection group trick'' as it appears for instance in [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis2002}}|Davis2002]], Sections 8, 10 and 13]{{#RefAdd:Davis2002}}. It can be summarized as follows.
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Reflection group trick]}}
Let $G$ be a group which possesses a finite model for $BG$. Then there is an aspherical closed manifold $M$ and two maps $i \colon BG \to M$ and $r \colon M \to BG$ such that $r \circ i = \operatorname{id}_{BG}$.
{{endthm}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Reflection group trick and various conjectures]}}
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis2002}}|Davis2002]], Sections 11]{{#RefAdd:Davis2002}}) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for $BG$ if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic $K$-theory for regular $R$, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic $L$-theory, the vanishing of $\widetilde{K}_0(\mathbb{Z} G)$ and of $\operatorname{Wh}(G)
= 0$, For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [[[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Lück&Reich2008}}|Bartels&Lück&Reich2008]]]{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Lück&Reich2008}}, [[[#{{anchorencode:Lück2002}}|Lück2002]]]{{#RefAdd:Lück2002}} and [[[#{{anchorencode:Lück&Reich2005}}|Lück&Reich2005]]]{{#RefAdd:Lück&Reich2005}}. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [[[#{{anchorencode:Belegradek2006}}|Belegradek2006]]]{{#RefAdd:Belegradek2006}}.
{{endrem}}
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==Non-aspherical closed manifolds==
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A closed manifold of dimension $\ge 1$ with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
{{beginthm|Lemma|}}
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional $CW$-complex $X$ is torsionfree.
{{endthm}}
{{beginproof}}
Let $C \subseteq \pi_1(X)$ be a finite cyclic subgroup of $\pi_1(X)$. We have to show that $C$ is trivial. Since $X$ is aspherical, $C\backslash \widetilde{X}$ is a finite-dimensional model for $BC$. Hence $H_k(BC)= 0$ for large $k$. This implies that $C$ is trivial.
{{endproof}}
We mention without proof:
{{beginthm|Lemma|}}
If $M$ is a connected sum $M_1 \sharp M_2$ of two closed manifolds $M_1$ and $M_2$ of dimension $n \ge 3$ which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then $M$ is not aspherical.
{{endthm}}
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==Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds==
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Suppose that $M$ is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of $M$ under the natural map $c \colon h(M) \to M$ appearing in the Section \ref{subsec:hyperbolization} about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of $h(M)$ and $M$ and $h(M)$ have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory $\Omega_*$ for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis2002}}|Davis2002]], Remarks 15.1]{{#RefAdd:Davis2002}}, [[[#{{anchorencode:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]], Theorem B]{{#RefAdd:Davis&Januszkiewicz1991}}, and \cite{Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001}.
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==The Borel Conjecture==
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{{beginrem|Definition|[Topologically rigid]}}
We call a closed manifold $N$ ''topologically rigid'' if any homotopy equivalence $M \to N$ with a closed manifold $M$ as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
{{endrem}}
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere $S^n$ is topologically rigid.
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Borel Conjecture]}}
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
{{endthm}}
In particular the Borel Conjecture \ref{con:Borel_Conjecture} implies because of Theorem \ref{the:homotopy_classification_of_apsherical_spaces} that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
{{beginrem|Remark|[The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions]}}
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension $\le 2$ by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension $. It is true in dimension $ if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [[[#{{anchorencode:Hempel1976}}|Hempel1976]], Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]{{#RefAdd:Hempel1976}}) and Turaev (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Turaev1988}}|Turaev1988]]]{{#RefAdd:Turaev1988}}) as explained for instance in [[[#{{anchorencode:Kreck&Lück2009}}|Kreck&Lück2009]], Section 5]{{#RefAdd:Kreck&Lück2009}}. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [[[#{{anchorencode:Morgan&Tian2008}}|Morgan&Tian2008]]]{{#RefAdd:Morgan&Tian2008}} following ideas of Perelman.
{{endrem}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds]}}
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere $S^n$ is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the $h$-cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [[[#{{anchorencode:Freedman1982}}|Freedman1982]]]{{#RefAdd:Freedman1982}}, in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in \cite{Kleiner&Lott2008} and \cite{Morgan&Tian2007} and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [[[#{{anchorencode:Kreck&Lück2009}}|Kreck&Lück2009]]]{{#RefAdd:Kreck&Lück2009}}. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension $\ge 5$ which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma \ref{lem:connected_sum_not_aspherical}). The product $S^k \times S^n$ is topologically rigid if and only if $k$ and $n$ are odd.
{{endrem}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category]}}
The Borel Conjecture \ref{con:Borel_Conjecture} is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus $T^n$ for $ n \ge 5$ is an example (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Wall1999}}|Wall1999]], 15A]{{#RefAdd:Wall1999}}).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [[[#{{anchorencode:Farrell&Jones1989}}|Farrell&Jones1989]], Theorem 0.1]{{#RefAdd:Farrell&Jones1989}}. They construct for every $\delta > 0$
and $d \ge 5$
a $d$-dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold $M$ and a closed Riemannian manifold $N$
such that the sectional curvature of $N$ is pinched between $-1 - \delta$ and $-1 + \delta$
and the manifolds $M$ and $N$ are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
{{endrem}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity]}}
The examples of Farrell-Jones [[[#{{anchorencode:Farrell&Jones1989}}|Farrell&Jones1989]], Theorem 0.1]{{#RefAdd:Farrell&Jones1989}} give actually more. Namely, they yield for given $\epsilon > 0$ a closed Riemannian manifold $M_0$ whose sectional curvature lies in the interval $[1-\epsilon,-1 + \epsilon]$ and a closed hyperbolic manifold $M_1$ such that $M_0$ and $M_1$ are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of $M_1$ with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition $M_0$ were hyperbolic if we would take $\epsilon = 0$. Hence this example is remarkable in view of ''Mostow rigidity'', which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds $N_0$ and $N_1$ that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if $\pi_1(N_0) \cong \pi_1(N_1)$ and any homotopy equivalence $N_0 \to N_1$ is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
{{endrem}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[The work of Farrell-Jones]}}
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension $\ge 5$ for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Farrell&Jones1990}}|Farrell&Jones1990]], [[#{{anchorencode:Farrell&Jones1991}}|Farrell&Jones1991]], [[#{{anchorencode:Farrell&Jones1993}}|Farrell&Jones1993]], [[#{{anchorencode:Farrell&Jones1998}}|Farrell&Jones1998]]]{{#RefAdd:Farrell&Jones1990}}{{#RefAdd:Farrell&Jones1991}}{{#RefAdd:Farrell&Jones1993}}{{#RefAdd:Farrell&Jones1998}}).
{{endrem}}
The following result is a consequence of [[[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Farrell&Lück2011}}|Bartels&Farrell&Lück2011]], [[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Lück2012}}|Bartels&Lück2012]], [[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Lück&Reich&Rüping2012}}|Bartels&Lück&Reich&Rüping2012]]]{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Farrell&Lück2011}}{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Lück2012}}{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Lück&Reich&Rüping2012}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|}}
Let $\mathcal{B}$ be the smallest class of groups satisfying:
* Every hyperbolic group belongs to $\mathcal{B}$;
* Every $\operatorname{CAT}(0)$-group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper $\operatorname{CAT}(0)$-space, belongs to $\mathcal{B}$;
* Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to $\mathcal{B}$;
* Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to $\mathcal{B}$;
* If $G_1$ and $G_2$ belong to $\mathcal{B}$, then both $G_1 \ast G_2$ and $G_1 \times G_2$ belong to $\mathcal{B}$;
* If $H$ is a subgroup of $G$ and $G \in \mathcal{B}$, then $H \in \mathcal{B}$;
* Let $\{G_i \mid i \in I\}$ be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that $G_i \in \mathcal{B}$ for every $i \in I$. Then the directed colimit $\operatorname{colim}_{i \in I} G_i$ belongs to $\mathcal{B}$.
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension $\ge 5$ whose fundamental group belongs to $\mathcal{B}$ is topologically rigid.
{{endthm}}
Actually, Bartels and Lück [[[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Lück2012}}|Bartels&Lück2012]]]{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Lück2012}} prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic $K$- and $L$-theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem \ref{the:status_of-Farrell-Jones} by surgery theory.
{{beginrem|Remark|[Exotic aspherical closed manifolds]}}
Theorem \ref{the:status_of-Farrell-Jones} implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection \ref{subsec:exotic_asphercial_manifolds} satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension $\ge 5$ since their universal coverings are $\operatorname{CAT}(0)$-spaces.
{{endrem}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups]}}
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as ''lacunary groups'' in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [[[#{{anchorencode:Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007}}|Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007]]]{{#RefAdd:Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007}} or ''groups with expanders'' as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [[[#{{anchorencode:Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002}}|Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002]]]{{#RefAdd:Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002}} and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [[[#{{anchorencode:Arzhantseva&Delzant2008}}|Arzhantseva&Delzant2008]], Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12]{{#RefAdd:Arzhantseva&Delzant2008}} following ideas of Gromov \cite{Gromov2003}. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension $\ge 5$ by Bartels and Lück [[[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Lück2012}}|Bartels&Lück2012]]]{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Lück2012}}. The ''Bost Conjecture'' has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [[[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008}}|Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008]]]{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008}}.
{{endrem}}
;
==Poincaré duality groups==
;
In this section we deal with the question when a group $G$ is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [[[#{{anchorencode:Johnson&Wall1972}}|Johnson&Wall1972]]]{{#RefAdd:Johnson&Wall1972}}.
{{beginrem|Definition|[Poincaré duality group]}}
A group $G$ is called a ''Poincaré duality group of dimension $n$'' if the following conditions holds:
# The group $G$ is of type FP, i.e., the trivial $\mathbb{Z} G$-module $\mathbb{Z}$ possesses a finite-dimensional projective $\mathbb{Z} G$-resolution by finitely generated projective $\mathbb{Z} G$-modules;
# We get an isomorphism of abelian groups $$H^i(G;\mathbb{Z} G) \cong \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \{0\} & \text{for}\; i \not= n; \ \mathbb{Z} & \text{for}\; i = n. \end{array} \right. $$
{{endrem}}
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Poincaré duality groups]}}
A finitely presented group is a $n$-dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed $n$-dimensional topological manifold.
{{endthm}}
A topological space $X$ is called an ''absolute neighborhood retract'' or briefly $\operatorname{ANR}$ if for every normal space $Z$, every closed subset $Y \subseteq Z$ and every (continuous) map $f \colon Y \to X$ there exists an open neighborhood $U$ of $Y$ in $Z$ together with an extension $F \colon U \to Z$ of $f$ to $U$. A ''compact $n$-dimensional homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifold $X$'' is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every $x \in X$ the abelian group $H_i(X,X-\{x\})$ is trivial for $i \not= n$ and infinite cyclic for $i = n$. A closed $n$-dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact $n$-dimensional homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifold (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Daverman1986}}|Daverman1986]], Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]{{#RefAdd:Daverman1986}}). For a proof of the next result we refer to [[[#{{anchorencode:Lück2010}}|Lück2010]], Section 5]{{#RefAdd:Lück2010}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|}}
Suppose that the torsionfree group $G$ belongs to the class $\mathcal{B}$ occurring in Theorem \ref{the:status_of-Farrell-Jones} and its cohomological dimension is $\ge 6$. Then $G$ is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifold.
{{endthm}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Compact homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifolds versus closed topological manifolds]}}
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem \ref{the:Borel_FJC_Poincare_complexes} one could replace "compact homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions $\ge 5$ carry
over to compact homology $\operatorname{ANR}$-manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being $s$-cobordant to a homeomorphism".
We refer for instance to [[[#{{anchorencode:Bryant&Ferry&Mio&Weinberger1996}}|Bryant&Ferry&Mio&Weinberger1996]], [[#{{anchorencode:Ferry&Pedersen1995}}|Ferry&Pedersen1995]], [[#{{anchorencode:Quinn1983}}|Quinn1983]], [[#{{anchorencode:Quinn1987}}|Quinn1987]], [[#{{anchorencode:Ranicki1992}}|Ranicki1992]]]{{#RefAdd:Bryant&Ferry&Mio&Weinberger1996}}{{#RefAdd:Ferry&Pedersen1995}}{{#RefAdd:Quinn1983}}{{#RefAdd:Quinn1987}}{{#RefAdd:Ranicki1992}} for more information about this topic.
{{endrem}}
;
==Product decompositions==
;
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold $M$ is a product $M_1 \times M_2$ if and only if its fundamental group is a product $\pi_1(M) = G_1 \times G_2$ and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [[[#{{anchorencode:Lück2010}}|Lück2010]], Section 6]{{#RefAdd:Lück2010}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Product decomposition]}}
Let $M$ be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension $n$ with fundamental group $G = \pi_1(M)$. Suppose we have a product decomposition $$p_1 \times p_2 \colon G \xrightarrow{\cong} G_1 \times G_2.$$ Suppose that $G$, $G_1$ and $G_2$ belong to the class $\mathcal{B}$ occurring in Theorem \ref{the:status_of-Farrell-Jones}. Assume that the cohomological dimension $\operatorname{cd}(G_i)$ is different from $, $ and $ for $i = 1,2$ and $n \not= 4$. Then:
# There are aspherical closed topological manifolds $M_1$ and $M_2$ together with isomorphisms $$v_i \colon \pi_1(M_i) \xrightarrow{\cong} G_i$$ and maps $$f_i \colon M \to M_i$$ for $i = 1,2$ such that $$f = f_1 \times f_2 \colon M \to M_1 \times M_2$$ is a homeomorphism and $v_i \circ \pi_1(f_i) = p_i$ (up to inner automorphisms) for $i = 1,2$;
# Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds $M_1'$ and $M_2'$ together with isomorphisms $$v_i' \colon \pi_1(M_i') \xrightarrow{\cong} G_i$$ and maps $$f_i' \colon M \to M_i'$$ for $i = 1,2$ such that the map $f' = f_1' \times f_2'$ is a homotopy equivalence and $v_i' \circ \pi_1(f_i') = p_i$ (up to inner automorphisms) for $i = 1,2$. Then there are for $i = 1,2$ homeomorphisms $h_i \colon M_i \to M_i'$ such that $h_i \circ f_i \simeq f_i'$ and $v_i \circ \pi_1(h_i) = v_i'$ holds for $i = 1,2$.
{{endthm}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature]}}
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [[[#{{anchorencode:Gromoll&Wolf1971}}|Gromoll&Wolf1971]], Theorem 2]{{#RefAdd:Gromoll&Wolf1971}} and Lawson-Yau \cite{Lawson&Yau1972}.
Let $M$ be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group $\pi_1(M) = G_1 \times G_2$ and that the center of $\pi_1(M)$ is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature $M = M_1 \times M_2$.
{{endrem}}
;
==The Novikov Conjecture==
;
Let $G$ be a group and let $u \colon M \to BG$ be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold $M$ to $BG$. Let $$\mathcal{L}(M) \in \bigoplus_{k \in \mathbb{Z}, k \ge 0} H^{4k}(M;\mathbb{Q})$$ be the ''$L$-class of $M$''. Its $k$-th entry $\mathcal{L}(M)_k \in H^{4k}(M;\mathbb{Q})$ is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree $k$ in the rational Pontrjagin classes $p_i(M;\mathbb{Q}) \in H^{4i}(M;\mathbb{Q})$ for $i = 1,2, \ldots, k$ such that the coefficient $s_k$ of the monomial $p_k(M;\mathbb{Q})$ is different from zero. The $L$-class $\mathcal{L}(M)$ is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The $L$-class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of $M$. For $x \in \prod_{k \ge 0} H^k(BG;\mathbb{Q})$ define the ''higher signature of $M$ associated to $x$ and $u$'' to be the integer $$\begin{array}{rcl} \operatorname{sign}_x(M,u) & := & \langle \mathcal{L}(M) \cup f^* x,[M] \rangle. \end{array}$$ We say that $\operatorname{sign}_x$ for $x \in H^*(BG;\mathbb{Q})$ is ''homotopy invariant'' if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds $M$ and $N$ with reference maps $u\colon M \to BG$ and $v \colon N \to BG$ we have $$ \operatorname{sign}_x(M,u) = \operatorname{sign}_x(N,v), $$ whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence $f \colon M \to N$ such that $v \circ f$ and $u$ are homotopic. If $x = 1 \in H^0(BG)$, then the higher signature $\operatorname{sign}_x(M,u)$ is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Hirzebruch1958}}|Hirzebruch1958]], [[#{{anchorencode:Hirzebruch1971}}|Hirzebruch1971]]]{{#RefAdd:Hirzebruch1958}}{{#RefAdd:Hirzebruch1971}}) the signature of $M$ itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Novikov Conjecture]}}
Let $G$ be a group. Then $\operatorname{sign}_x$ is homotopy invariant for all $x \in \prod_{k \in \mathbb{Z}, k \ge 0} H^k(BG;\mathbb{Q})$.
{{endthm}}
This conjecture appears for the first time in the paper by Novikov [[[#{{anchorencode:Novikov1970}}|Novikov1970]], §11]{{#RefAdd:Novikov1970}}. A survey about its history can be found in \cite{Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995b}. More information can be found for instance in [[[#{{anchorencode:Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995}}|Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995]], [[#{{anchorencode:Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995a}}|Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995a]], [[#{{anchorencode:Kreck&Lück2005}}|Kreck&Lück2005]]]{{#RefAdd:Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995}}{{#RefAdd:Ferry&Ranicki&Rosenberg1995a}}{{#RefAdd:Kreck&Lück2005}}.
{{beginrem|Remark|[The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds]}}
Let the map $f \colon M \to N$ be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture \ref{con:Novikov_Conjecture}
implies that $f_*\mathcal{L}(M) = \mathcal{L}(N)$. This is certainly true if $f$ is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes $p_k(M)$ are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [[[#{{anchorencode:Kreck&Lück2005}}|Kreck&Lück2005]], Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]{{#RefAdd:Kreck&Lück2005}}). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map $f \colon M \to N$ is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion $f_*\mathcal{L}(M) = \mathcal{L}(N)$ does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [[[#{{anchorencode:Novikov1965a}}|Novikov1965a]], [[#{{anchorencode:Novikov1965}}|Novikov1965]], [[#{{anchorencode:Novikov1966}}|Novikov1966]]]{{#RefAdd:Novikov1965a}}{{#RefAdd:Novikov1965}}{{#RefAdd:Novikov1966}}.
{{endrem}}
{{beginthm|Theorem|[Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes]}}
The rational Pontrjagin classes $p_k(M,\mathbb{Q}) \in H^{4k}(M;\mathbb{Q})$ are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism $f \colon M \to N$ of closed smooth manifolds we have $$H_{4k}(f;\mathbb{Q})\bigl(p_k(M;\mathbb{Q})\bigr) = p_k(N;\mathbb{Q})$$ for all $k \ge 0$ and in particular $H_*(f;\mathbb{Q})(\mathcal{L}(M)) = \mathcal{L}(N)$.
{{endthm}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Positive scalar curvature]}}
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see {{cite|Rosenberg1983|Theorem 3.5}}.
{{endrem}}
;
==Boundaries of hyperbolic groups==
;
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [[[#{{anchorencode:Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010}}|Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]]]{{#RefAdd:Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010}}. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [[[#{{anchorencode:Kapovich&Benakli2002}}|Kapovich&Benakli2002]]]{{#RefAdd:Kapovich&Benakli2002}}.
{{beginthm|Theorem|}}
Let $G$ be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let $n$ be an integer $\geq 6$. Then the following statements are equivalent:
# The boundary $\partial G$ is homeomorphic to $S^{n-1}$;
# There is an aspherical closed topological manifold $M$ such that $G \cong \pi_1(M)$, its universal covering $\widetilde{M}$ is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$ and the compactification of $\widetilde{M}$ by $\partial G$ is homeomorphic to $D^n$;
# The aspherical closed topological manifold $M$ appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
{{endthm}}
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary $\partial G$ of an infinite hyperbolic group $G$ contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean $n$-space, then it is homeomorphic to $S^n$. This is proved in [[[#{{anchorencode:Kapovich&Benakli2002}}|Kapovich&Benakli2002]], Theorem 4.4]{{#RefAdd:Kapovich&Benakli2002}}, where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every $n \ge 5$ there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension $n$ whose fundamental group $G$ is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$, but the boundary $\partial G$ is not homeomorphic to $S^{n-1}$, see {{cite|Davis&Januszkiewicz1991|Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386}}. Thus the condition that $\partial G$ is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is $G$.
{{beginrem|Remark|[The Cannon Conjecture]}}
We do not get information in dimensions $n \le 4$ for the usual problems about surgery. In the case $n = 3$ there is the conjecture of Cannon [[[#{{anchorencode:Cannon1991}}|Cannon1991]]]{{#RefAdd:Cannon1991}} that a group $G$ acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the $-dimensional hyperbolic plane $\mathcal{H}^3$ if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to $S^2$. Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group $G$ occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible $-manifold, Bestvina-Mess [[[#{{anchorencode:Bestvina&Mess1991}}|Bestvina&Mess1991]], Theorem 4.1]{{#RefAdd:Bestvina&Mess1991}} have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^3$ and its compactification by $\partial G$ is homeomorphic to $D^3$, and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that $M$ is hyperbolic and $G$ satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case $n = 2$, namely, for a hyperbolic group $G$ its boundary $\partial G$ is homeomorphic to $S^1$ if and only if $G$ is a Fuchsian group (see [[[#{{anchorencode:Casson&Jungreis1994}}|Casson&Jungreis1994]], [[#{{anchorencode:Freden1995}}|Freden1995]], [[#{{anchorencode:Gabai1991}}|Gabai1991]]]{{#RefAdd:Casson&Jungreis1994}}{{#RefAdd:Freden1995}}{{#RefAdd:Gabai1991}}).
{{endrem}}
;
==L2-invariants==
;
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and $L^2$-invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [[[#{{anchorencode:Lück2002}}|Lück2002]]]{{#RefAdd:Lück2002}} and [[[#{{anchorencode:Lück2009}}|Lück2009]]]{{#RefAdd:Lück2009}}.
;
===The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures===
;
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Hopf Conjecture]}}
If $M$ is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then $$(-1)^{\dim(M)/2} \cdot \chi(M) \ge 0.$$ If $M$ is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature $\sec(M)$, then $$\begin{array}{rlllllll} (-1)^{\dim(M)/2} \cdot \chi(M) & > & 0 & & \mbox{ if } & \sec(M) & < & 0; \ (-1)^{\dim(M)/2} \cdot \chi(M) & \ge & 0 & & \mbox{ if } & \sec(M) & \le & 0; \ \chi(M) & = & 0 & & \mbox{ if } & \sec(M) & = & \, \,0; \ \chi(M) & \ge & 0 & & \mbox{ if } & \sec(M) & \ge & 0; \ \chi(M) & > & 0 & & \mbox{ if } & \sec(M) & > & 0. \end{array}$$
{{endthm}}
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Singer Conjecture]}}
If $M$ is an aspherical closed manifold, then $$b_n^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) = 0 \hspace{10mm} \mbox{ if } 2n \not= \dim(M).$$ If $M$ is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then $$b_n^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) \left\{ \begin{array}{lll}
= \, 0 & & \mbox{ if } 2n \not= \dim(M);\ > \, 0 & & \mbox{ if } 2n = \dim(M). \end{array}\right.$$
{{endthm}}
;
===L2--torsion and aspherical closed manifolds===
;
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[$L^2$-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds]}}
If $M$ is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then $\widetilde{M}$ is $\det$-$L^2$-acyclic and $$(-1)^{\frac{\dim(M)-1}{2}} \cdot \rho^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) \ge 0.$$ If $M$ is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then $\widetilde{M}$ is $\det$-$L^2$-acyclic and $$(-1)^{\frac{\dim(M)-1}{2}} \cdot \rho^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) >
0.$$ If $M$ is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then $\widetilde{M}$ is $\det$-$L^2$-acyclic and $$\rho^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) = 0.$$
{{endthm}}
;
===Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds===
;
The following conjecture is motivated by {{cite|Lück2002|Conjecture 11.3 on page 418}}
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh {{cite|Bergeron&Venkatesh2010|Conjecture 1.3}}.
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Homological growth and $L^2$-torsion for aspherical manifolds]}}
Let $M$ be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension $n$. Let
$$\pi_1(M) = G_0 \supseteq G_1 \supseteq G_1 \supseteq \cdots$$
be a nested sequence of in $G$ normal subgroups of finite index $[G:G_i]$ such that their intersection
$\bigcap_{i \ge 0} G_i$ is the trivial subgroup. Then:
$$\begin{array}{rcl}
\lim_{i \in I} \;\frac{\ln\big(\bigl|\operatorname{tors}\bigl(H_n(G_i\backslash \widetilde{M};\mathbb{Z})\bigr)\bigr|\bigr)}{[G:G_i]}
& = & 0 \quad \text{if}\;\; 2n+1 \not= \dim(M);\
\lim_{i \in I} \;\frac{\ln\big(\bigl|\operatorname{tors}\bigl(H_n(G_i\backslash \widetilde{M};\mathbb{Z})\bigr)\bigr|\bigr)}{[G:G_i]} & = &
(-1)^p \cdot \rho^{(2)}\bigl(\widetilde{M}\bigr)
\quad \text{if}\;\; 2n + 1 = \dim(M).
\end{array}$$
{{endthm}}
If $\pi_1(M)$ is residually finite, then Conjecture \ref{con:Homological_growth_and_L2-torsion_for_aspherical_manifolds}
implies Conjecture \ref{con:L2-torsion_for_aspherical_manifolds}. Conjecture \ref{con:Homological_growth_and_L2-torsion_for_aspherical_manifolds}
has been proved in the special case, where $\pi_1(M)$ contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or $M$ carries a non-trivial $S^1$-action,
in {{cite|Lück2012}}. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic $-manifold.
===$\mathbb{Q}$ versus Fp-approximation ===
;
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Approximation by Betti numbers]}}
Let $M$ be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension $n$. Let $$\pi_1(M) = G_0 \supseteq G_1 \supseteq G_1 \supseteq \cdots$$ be a nested sequence of in $G$ normal subgroups of finite index $[G:G_i]$ such that their intersection $\bigcap_{i \ge 0} G_i$ is the trivial subgroup. Let $K$ be any field. Then we get for every $n \ge 0$ $$ b_n^{(2)}(\widetilde{M})
= \lim_{i \to \infty} \frac{b_n(G_i\backslash \widetilde{M};K)}{[G:G_i]}. $$
{{endthm}}
{{beginrem|Remark|}}
Conjecture \ref{con:Approximation_by_Betti_numbers} follows from {{cite|Lück1994}} in the case that $K$ has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that $M$ is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic $p$, where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance {{cite|Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012}}{{cite|Ershof&Lück2012}}{{cite|Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011}}, and one may additionally demand that each index $[G:G_i]$ is a $p$-power.
{{endrem}}
===Simplicial volume and L2-invariants===
;
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Simplicial volume and $L^2$-invariants]}}
Let $M$ be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume $||M||$ vanishes. Then $\widetilde{M}$ is of determinant class and $$\begin{array}{rcl} b_n^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) & = & 0 \hspace{5mm} \mbox{ for } n \ge 0; \ \rho^{(2)}(\widetilde{M}) & = & 0. \end{array}$$
{{endthm}}
;
===The Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture===
;
{{beginthm|Conjecture|[Zero-in-the-spectrum Conjecture]}}
Let $\widetilde{M}$ be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that $\widetilde{M}$ is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold $M$ (with the Riemannian metric coming from $M$). Then for some $p \ge 0$ zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure $$(\Delta_p)_{\min}\colon \operatorname{dom}\bigl((\Delta_p)_{\min}\bigr) \subset L^2\Omega^p(\widetilde{M}) \to L^2\Omega^p(\widetilde{M})$$ of the Laplacian acting on smooth $p$-forms on $\widetilde{M}$.
{{endthm}}
{{beginrem|Remark|[Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture]}}
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture \ref{con:zero-in-the-Spectrum_Conjecture}. Farber and Weinberger [[[#{{anchorencode:Farber&Weinberger2001}}|Farber&Weinberger2001]]]{{#RefAdd:Farber&Weinberger2001}} gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure $(\Delta_p)_{\min}\colon \operatorname{dom}\left((\Delta_p)_{\min}\right) \subset L^2\Omega^p(\widetilde{M}) \to L^2\Omega^p(\widetilde{M})$ of the Laplacian acting on smooth $p$-forms on $\widetilde{M}$ for each $p \ge 0$. The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [[[#{{anchorencode:Higson&Roe&Schick2001}}|Higson&Roe&Schick2001]]]{{#RefAdd:Higson&Roe&Schick2001}} yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
{{endrem}}
;
== References ==
{{#RefList:}}
== External links ==
The Wikipedia page on [[Wikipedia:Aspherical_space|aspherical spaces]].
[[Category:Theory]]
[[Category:Aspherical manifolds]]X is called aspherical if it is path connected and all its higher homotopy groups vanish, i.e., is trivial for .
Aspherical closed manifolds are very interesting objects since there are many examples, intriguing questions and conjectures about them. For instance:
Interesting geometric constructions or examples lead to aspherical closed manifolds, e.g., non-positively curved closed manifolds, closed surfaces except and , irreducible closed orientable -manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, locally symmetric spaces arising from almost connected Lie groups and discrete torsionfree cocompact lattices.
There are exotic aspherical closed manifolds which do not come from standard constructions and have unexpected properties, e.g., the universal covering is not homeomorphic to , they are not triangulable. The key construction methods are the reflection trick and hyperbolization.
Which groups occur as fundamental groups of aspherical closed manifolds?
The Borel Conjecture predicts that aspherical closed topological manifolds are topologically rigid, i.e., any homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed manifolds is homotopic to the identity.
The condition aspherical is of purely homotopy theoretical nature. Nevertheless there are some interesting questions and conjectures such as the Singer Conjecture and the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture about the spectrum of the Laplace operator on the universal coverings of aspherical closed Riemannian manifolds.
2 Homotopy classification of spaces
From the homotopy theory point of view an aspherical -complex is completely determined by its fundamental group. Namely,
Theorem 2.1 [Homotopy classification of aspherical spaces].
Two aspherical -complexes are homotopy equivalent if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Proof.
By Whitehead's Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]) a map between -complexes is a homotopy equivalence if and only if it induces on all homotopy groups bijections. Hence it suffices to construct for two aspherical -complexes and together with an isomorphism a map which induces on the fundamental groups. Any connected -complex is homotopy equivalent to a -complex with precisely one -cell, otherwise collapse a maximal sub-tree of the -skeleton to a point. Hence we can assume without loss of generality that the -skeleton of is a bouquet of -dimensional spheres. The map tells us how to define , where will denote the -skeleton of . The composites of the attaching maps for the two-cells of with are null-homotopic by the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem. Hence we can extend to a map . Since all higher homotopy groups of are trivial, we can extend to a map .
Lemma 2.2. A -complex is aspherical if and only if it is connected and its universal covering is contractible.
Proof. The projection induces isomorphisms on the homotopy groups for and a connected -complex is contractible if and only if all its homotopy groups are trivial (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
An aspherical -complex with fundamental group is the same as an Eilenberg Mac-Lane space of type and the same as the classifying space for the group .
3 Examples of aspherical manifolds
3.1 Non-positive curvature
Let be a closed smooth manifold. Suppose that it possesses a Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive, i.e., is everywhere. Then the universal covering inherits a complete Riemannian metric whose sectional curvature is non-positive. Since is simply-connected and has non-positive sectional curvature, the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) implies that is diffeomorphic to and hence contractible. We conclude that and hence is aspherical.
3.2 Low-dimensions
A connected closed -dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to and hence aspherical.
Let be a connected closed -dimensional manifold. Then is either aspherical or homeomorphic to or . The following statements are equivalent:
is aspherical.
admits a Riemannian metric which is flat, i.e., with sectional curvature constant , or which is hyperbolic, i.e., with sectional curvature constant .
The universal covering of is homeomorphic to .
A connected closed -manifold is called prime if for any decomposition as a connected sum one of the summands or is homeomorphic to . It is called irreducible if any embedded sphere bounds a disk . Every irreducible closed -manifold is prime. A prime closed -manifold is either irreducible or an -bundle over (see [Hempel1976, Lemma 3.13 on page 28]). A closed orientable -manifold is aspherical if and only if it is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. This follows from the Sphere Theorem [Hempel1976, Theorem 4.3 on page 40]. Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture implies that a closed -manifold is aspherical if and only if its universal covering is homeomorphic to . This follows from [Hempel1976, Theorem 13.4 on page 142] and the fact that the -dimensional geometries which have compact quotients and whose underlying topological spaces are contractible have as underlying smooth manifold (see [Scott1983]). A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman. There are examples of closed orientable -manifolds that are aspherical but do not support a Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature (see [Leeb1995]). For more information about -manifolds we refer for instance to [Hempel1976, Scott1983].
3.3 Torsionfree discrete subgroups of almost connected Lie groups
Let be a Lie group with finitely many path components. Let be a maximal compact subgroup. Let be a discrete torsionfree subgroup. Then is an aspherical closed manifold with fundamental group since its universal covering is diffeomorphic to for appropriate (see [Helgason2001, Theorem 1. in Chapter VI]).
3.4 Products and fibrations
Obviously the product of two aspherical spaces is again aspherical. More generally, if is a fibration for aspherical spaces and , then the long homotopy sequence associated to it shows that is aspherical.
3.5 Pushouts
Let be a -complex with sub--complexes , and such that and . Suppose that , and are aspherical and that for and each base point the inclusion induces an injection . Then is aspherical. The idea of the proof is to check by a Mayer-Vietoris argument that the reduced homology of is trivial as is the union of and , and is the intersection of and . Hence is contractible by the Hurewicz Theorem (see [Whitehead1978, Theorem IV.7.15 on page 182]).
3.6 Hyperbolization
A very important construction of aspherical closed manifolds comes from the hyperbolization technique due to Gromov [Gromov1987]. It turns a cell complex into a non-positively curved (and hence aspherical) polyhedron. The rough idea is to define this procedure for simplices such that it is natural under inclusions of simplices and then define the hyperbolization of a simplicial complex by gluing the results for the simplices together as described by the combinatorics of the simplicial complex. The goal is to achieve that the result shares some of the properties of the simplicial complexes one has started with, but additionally to produce a non-positively curved and hence aspherical polyhedron. Since this construction preserves local structures, it turns manifolds into manifolds. We briefly explain what the orientable hyperbolization procedure gives. Further expositions of this construction can be found in [Charney&Davis1995, Davis2002, Davis2008, Davis&Januszkiewicz1991]. We start with a finite-dimensional simplicial complex and assign to it a cubical cell complex and a natural map with the following properties:
is non-positively curved and in particular aspherical;
The natural map induces a surjection on the integral homology;
is surjective;
If is an orientable manifold, then
is a manifold;
The natural map has degree one;
There is a stable isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the pullback ;
3.7 Exotic aspherical closed manifolds
The following result is taken from Davis-Januszkiewicz [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5a.1].
Theorem 3.1.
There is an aspherical closed -manifold with the following properties:
is not homotopy equivalent to a -manifold;
is not triangulable, i.e., not homeomorphic to a simplicial complex;
The universal covering is not homeomorphic to ;
is homotopy equivalent to a piecewise flat, non-positively curved polyhedron.
Theorem 3.3 [Exotic universal covering]. For each there exists an aspherical closed -dimensional manifold such that its universal covering is not homeomorphic to .
By the Hadamard-Cartan Theorem (see [Gallot&Hulin&Lafontaine1987, 3.87 on page 134]) the manifold appearing in Theorem 3.3 above cannot be homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with non-positive sectional curvature. The following theorem is proved in [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 and Remark on page 386] by considering the ideal boundary, which is a quasiisometry invariant in the negatively curved case.
Theorem 3.4 [Exotic example with hyperbolic fundamental group].
For every there exists an aspherical closed smooth -dimensional manifold which is homeomorphic to a strictly negatively curved polyhedron and has in particular a hyperbolic fundamental group such that the universal covering is homeomorphic to but is not homeomorphic to a smooth manifold with Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvature.
The next results are due to Belegradek [Belegradek2006, Corollary 5.1], Mess [Mess1990] and Weinberger (see [Davis2002, Section 13]).
Theorem 3.5 [Exotic fundamental groups].
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group contains an infinite divisible abelian group;
For every there is an aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group has an unsolvable word problem and whose simplicial volume is non-zero.
Notice that a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem is not a -group, not hyperbolic, not automatic, not asynchronously automatic, not residually finite and not linear over any commutative ring (see [Belegradek2006, Remark 5.2]). The proof of Theorem 3.5 is based on the reflection group trick as it appears for instance in [Davis2002, Sections 8, 10 and 13]. It can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 3.6 [Reflection group trick].
Let be a group which possesses a finite model for . Then there is an aspherical closed manifold and two maps and such that .
Remark 3.7 [Reflection group trick and various conjectures].
Another interesting immediate consequence of the reflection group trick is (see also [Davis2002, Sections 11]) that many well-known conjectures about groups hold for every group which possesses a finite model for if and only if it holds for the fundamental group of every aspherical closed manifold. This applies for instance to the Kaplansky Conjecture, Unit Conjecture, Zero-divisor-conjecture, Baum-Connes Conjecture, Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory for regular , Farrell-Jones Conjecture for algebraic -theory, the vanishing of and of , For information about these conjectures and their links we refer for instance to [Bartels&Lück&Reich2008], [Lück2002] and [Lück&Reich2005]. Further similar consequences of the reflection group trick can be found in Belegradek [Belegradek2006].
4 Non-aspherical closed manifolds
A closed manifold of dimension with finite fundamental group is never aspherical. So prominent non-aspherical closed manifolds are spheres, lens spaces, real projective spaces and complex projective spaces.
Lemma 4.1.
The fundamental group of an aspherical finite-dimensional -complex is torsionfree.
Proof.
Let be a finite cyclic subgroup of . We have to show that is trivial. Since is aspherical, is a finite-dimensional model for . Hence for large . This implies that is trivial.
We mention without proof:
Lemma 4.2.
If is a connected sum of two closed manifolds and of dimension which are not homotopy equivalent to a sphere, then is not aspherical.
5 Characteristic classes and bordisms of aspherical closed manifolds
Suppose that is a closed manifold. Then the pullbacks of the characteristic classes of under the natural map appearing in the Section 3.6 about hyperbolization yield the characteristic classes of and and have the same characteristic numbers. This shows that the condition aspherical does not impose any restrictions on the characteristic numbers of a manifold. Consider a bordism theory for PL-manifolds or smooth manifolds which is given by imposing conditions on the stable tangent bundle. Examples are unoriented bordism, oriented bordism, framed bordism. Then any bordism class can be represented by an aspherical closed manifold. If two aspherical closed manifolds represent the same bordism class, then one can find an aspherical bordism between them. See [Davis2002, Remarks 15.1], [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem B], and [Davis&Januszkiewicz&Weinberger2001].
6 The Borel Conjecture
Definition 6.1 [Topologically rigid].
We call a closed manifold topologically rigid if any homotopy equivalence with a closed manifold as source is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
The Poincaré Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any sphere is topologically rigid.
Conjecture 6.2 [Borel Conjecture].
Every aspherical closed manifold is topologically rigid.
In particular the Borel Conjecture 6.2 implies because of Theorem 2.1 that two aspherical closed manifolds are homeomorphic if and only if their fundamental groups are isomorphic.
Remark 6.3 [The Borel Conjecture in low dimensions].
The Borel Conjecture is true in dimension by the classification of closed manifolds of dimension . It is true in dimension if Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is true. This follows from results of Waldhausen (see Hempel [Hempel1976, Lemma 10.1 and Corollary 13.7]) and Turaev (see [Turaev1988]) as explained for instance in [Kreck&Lück2009, Section 5]. A proof of Thurston's Geometrization Conjecture is given in [Morgan&Tian2008] following ideas of Perelman.
Remark 6.4 [Topological rigidity for non-aspherical manifolds].
Topological rigidity phenomenons do hold also for some non-aspherical closed manifolds. For instance the sphere is topologically rigid by the Poincaré Conjecture. The Poincaré Conjecture is known to be true in all dimensions. This follows in high dimensions from the -cobordism theorem, in dimension four from the work of Freedman [Freedman1982], in dimension three from the work of Perelman as explained in [Kleiner&Lott2008] and [Morgan&Tian2007] and in dimension two from the classification of surfaces. Many more examples of classes of manifolds which are topologically rigid are given and analyzed in Kreck-Lück [Kreck&Lück2009]. For instance the connected sum of closed manifolds of dimension which are topologically rigid and whose fundamental groups do not contain elements of order two, is again topologically rigid and the connected sum of two manifolds is in general not aspherical (see Lemma 4.2). The product is topologically rigid if and only if and are odd.
Remark 6.5 [The Borel Conjecture does not hold in the smooth category].
The Borel Conjecture 6.2 is false in the smooth category, i.e., if one replaces topological manifold by smooth manifold and homeomorphism by diffeomorphism. The torus for is an example (see [Wall1999, 15A]).
Other interesting counterexamples involving negatively curved manifolds are given
by Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1]. They construct for every
and
a -dimensional closed hyperbolic manifold and a closed Riemannian manifold
such that the sectional curvature of is pinched between and
and the manifolds and are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic.
Remark 6.6 [The Borel Conjecture versus Mostow rigidity].
The examples of Farrell-Jones [Farrell&Jones1989, Theorem 0.1] give actually more. Namely, they yield for given a closed Riemannian manifold whose sectional curvature lies in the interval and a closed hyperbolic manifold such that and are homeomorphic but no diffeomorphic. The idea of the construction is essentially to take the connected sum of with exotic spheres. Notice that by definition were hyperbolic if we would take . Hence this example is remarkable in view of Mostow rigidity, which predicts for two closed hyperbolic manifolds and that they are isometrically diffeomorphic if and only if and any homotopy equivalence is homotopic to an isometric diffeomorphism. One may view the Borel Conjecture as the topological version of Mostow rigidity. The conclusion in the Borel Conjecture is weaker, one gets only homeomorphisms and not isometric diffeomorphisms, but the assumption is also weaker, since there are many more aspherical closed topological manifolds than hyperbolic closed manifolds.
Remark 6.7 [The work of Farrell-Jones].
Farrell-Jones have made deep contributions to the Borel Conjecture. They have proved it in dimension for non-positively curved closed Riemannian manifolds, for compact complete affine flat manifolds and for aspherical closed manifolds whose fundamental group is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a complete non-positively curved Riemannian manifold which is A-regular (see [Farrell&Jones1990, Farrell&Jones1991, Farrell&Jones1993, Farrell&Jones1998]).
Every -group, i.e., a group that acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on a complete proper -space, belongs to ;
Every cocompact lattice in an almost connected Lie group belongs to ;
Every arithmetic group over an algebraic number field belongs to ;
If and belong to , then both and belong to ;
If is a subgroup of and , then ;
Let be a directed system of groups (with not necessarily injective structure maps) such that for every . Then the directed colimit belongs to .
Then every aspherical closed manifold of dimension whose fundamental group belongs to is topologically rigid.
Actually, Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012] prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture about the algebraic - and -theory of group rings which does imply the claim appearing in Theorem 6.8 by surgery theory.
Remark 6.9 [Exotic aspherical closed manifolds].
Theorem 6.8 implies that the exotic aspherical manifolds mentioned in Subsection 3.7 satisfy the Borel Conjecture in dimension since their universal coverings are -spaces.
Remark 6.10 [Directed colimits of hyperbolic groups].
There are also a variety of interesting groups such as lacunary groups in the sense of Olshanskii-Osin-Sapir [Olshankskii&Osin&Sapir2007] or groups with expanders as they appear in the counterexample to the Baum-Connes Conjecture with coefficients due to Higson-Lafforgue-Skandalis [Higson&Lafforgue&Skandalis2002] and which have been constructed by Arzhantseva-Delzant [Arzhantseva&Delzant2008, Theorem 7.11 and Theorem 7.12] following ideas of Gromov [Gromov2003]. Since these arise as colimits of directed systems of hyperbolic groups, they do satisfy the Farrell-Jones Conjecture and the Borel Conjecture in dimension by Bartels and Lück [Bartels&Lück2012]. The Bost Conjecture has also been proved for colimits of hyperbolic groups by Bartels-Echterhoff-Lück [Bartels&Echterhoff&Lück2008].
7 Poincaré duality groups
In this section we deal with the question when a group is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed manifold. The following definition is due to Johnson-Wall [Johnson&Wall1972].
Definition 7.1 [Poincaré duality group].
A group is called a Poincaré duality group of dimension if the following conditions holds:
The group is of type FP, i.e., the trivial -module possesses a finite-dimensional projective -resolution by finitely generated projective -modules;
We get an isomorphism of abelian groups
Conjecture 7.2 [Poincaré duality groups].
A finitely presented group is a -dimensional Poincaré duality group if and only if it is the fundamental group of an aspherical closed -dimensional topological manifold.
A topological space is called an absolute neighborhood retract or briefly if for every normal space , every closed subset and every (continuous) map there exists an open neighborhood of in together with an extension of to . A compact -dimensional homology -manifold is a compact absolute neighborhood retract such that it has a countable basis for its topology, has finite topological dimension and for every the abelian group is trivial for and infinite cyclic for . A closed -dimensional topological manifold is an example of a compact -dimensional homology -manifold (see [Daverman1986, Corollary 1A in V.26 page 191]). For a proof of the next result we refer to [Lück2010, Section 5].
Theorem 7.3.
Suppose that the torsionfree group belongs to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8 and its cohomological dimension is . Then is the fundamental group of an aspherical compact homology -manifold.
Remark 7.4 [Compact homology -manifolds versus closed topological manifolds].
One would prefer if in the conclusion of Theorem 7.3 one could replace "compact homology -manifold" by "closed topological manifold". There are compact homology -manifolds that are not homotopy equivalent to closed manifolds. But no example of an aspherical compact homology -manifold that is not homotopy equivalent to a closed topological manifold is known.
The Borel Conjecture about the topologically rigidity of closed topological manifolds
and the fact that it is implied by the Farrell-Jones Conjecture indimensions carry
over to compact homology -manifolds
if one replaces "being homotopic to a homeomorphism" by "being -cobordant to a homeomorphism".
In this section we show that, roughly speaking, an aspherical closed manifold is a product if and only if its fundamental group is a product and that such a decomposition is unique up to homeomorphism. A proof of the next result can be found in [Lück2010, Section 6].
Theorem 8.1 [Product decomposition].
Let be an aspherical closed manifold of dimension with fundamental group . Suppose we have a product decomposition
Suppose that , and belong to the class occurring in Theorem 6.8. Assume that the cohomological dimension is different from , and for and . Then:
There are aspherical closed topological manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that
is a homeomorphism and (up to inner automorphisms) for ;
Suppose we have another such choice of aspherical closed manifolds and together with isomorphisms
and maps
for such that the map is a homotopy equivalence and (up to inner automorphisms) for . Then there are for homeomorphisms such that and holds for .
Remark 8.2 [Product decompositions and non-positive sectional curvature].
The following result has been proved independently by Gromoll-Wolf [Gromoll&Wolf1971, Theorem 2] and Lawson-Yau [Lawson&Yau1972].
Let be a closed Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature. Suppose that we are given a splitting of its fundamental group and that the center of is trivial. Then this splitting comes from an isometric product decomposition of closed Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature .
9 The Novikov Conjecture
Let be a group and let be a map from a closed oriented smooth manifold to . Let
be the -class of . Its -th entry is a certain homogeneous polynomial of degree in the rational Pontrjagin classes for such that the coefficient of the monomial is different from zero. The -class is determined by all the rational Pontrjagin classes and vice versa. The -class depends on the tangent bundle and thus on the differentiable structure of . For define the higher signature of associated to and to be the integer
We say that for is homotopy invariant if for two closed oriented smooth manifolds and with reference maps and we have
whenever there is an orientation preserving homotopy equivalence such that and are homotopic. If , then the higher signature is by the Hirzebruch signature formula (see [Hirzebruch1958, Hirzebruch1971]) the signature of itself and hence an invariant of the oriented homotopy type. This is one motivation for the following conjecture.
Conjecture 9.1 [Novikov Conjecture].
Let be a group. Then is homotopy invariant for all .
Remark 9.2 [The Novikov Conjecture and aspherical closed manifolds].
Let the map be a homotopy equivalence of aspherical closed oriented manifolds. Then the Novikov Conjecture 9.1
implies that . This is certainly true if is a diffeomorphism. On the other hand, in general the rational Pontrjagin classes are not homotopy invariants and the integral Pontrjagin classes are not homeomorphism invariants (see for instance [Kreck&Lück2005, Example 1.6 and Theorem 4.8]). This seems to shed doubts about the Novikov Conjecture. However, if the Borel Conjecture is true, the map is homotopic to a homeomorphism and the conclusion does follow from the following deep result due to Novikov [Novikov1965a, Novikov1965, Novikov1966].
Theorem 9.3 [Topological invariance of rational Pontrjagin classes].
The rational Pontrjagin classes are topological invariants, i.e. for a homeomorphism of closed smooth manifolds we have
for all and in particular .
Remark 9.4 [Positive scalar curvature].
There is the conjecture that a closed aspherical smooth manifold does not carry a metric of
positive scalar curvature. One evidence for it is the fact that it is implied by the (strong) Novikov Conjecture
see [Rosenberg1983, Theorem 3.5].
10 Boundaries of hyperbolic groups
We mention the following result of Bartels-Lück-Weinberger [Bartels&Lück&Weinberger2010]. For the notion of the boundary of a hyperbolic group and its main properties we refer for instance to [Kapovich&Benakli2002].
Theorem 10.1.
Let be a torsion-free hyperbolic group and let be an integer . Then the following statements are equivalent:
The boundary is homeomorphic to ;
There is an aspherical closed topological manifold such that , its universal covering is homeomorphic to and the compactification of by is homeomorphic to ;
The aspherical closed topological manifold appearing in the assertion above is unique up to homeomorphism.
In general the boundary of a hyperbolic group is not locally a Euclidean space but has a fractal behavior. If the boundary of an infinite hyperbolic group contains an open subset homeomorphic to Euclidean -space, then it is homeomorphic to . This is proved in [Kapovich&Benakli2002, Theorem 4.4], where more information about the boundaries of hyperbolic groups can be found. For every there exists a strictly negatively curved polyhedron of dimension whose fundamental group is hyperbolic, which is homeomorphic to an aspherical closed smooth manifold and whose universal covering is homeomorphic to , but the boundary is not homeomorphic to , see [Davis&Januszkiewicz1991, Theorem 5c.1 on page 384 and Remark on page 386]. Thus the condition that is a sphere for a torsion-free hyperbolic group is (in high dimensions) not equivalent to the existence of an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group is .
Remark 10.2 [The Cannon Conjecture].
We do not get information in dimensions for the usual problems about surgery. In the case there is the conjecture of Cannon [Cannon1991] that a group acts properly, isometrically and cocompactly on the -dimensional hyperbolic plane if and only if it is a hyperbolic group whose boundary is homeomorphic to . Provided that the infinite hyperbolic group occurs as the fundamental group of a closed irreducible -manifold, Bestvina-Mess [Bestvina&Mess1991, Theorem 4.1] have shown that its universal covering is homeomorphic to and its compactification by is homeomorphic to , and the Geometrization Conjecture of Thurston implies that is hyperbolic and satisfies Cannon's conjecture. The problem is solved in the case , namely, for a hyperbolic group its boundary is homeomorphic to if and only if is a Fuchsian group (see [Casson&Jungreis1994, Freden1995, Gabai1991]).
11 L2-invariants
Next we mention some prominent conjectures about aspherical closed manifolds and -invariants of their universal coverings. For more information about these conjectures and their status we refer to [Lück2002] and [Lück2009].
11.1 The Hopf and the Singer Conjectures
Conjecture 11.1 [Hopf Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of even dimension, then
If is a closed Riemannian manifold of even dimension with sectional curvature , then
Conjecture 11.2 [Singer Conjecture].
If is an aspherical closed manifold, then
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature, then
11.2 L2-torsion and aspherical closed manifolds
Conjecture 11.3 [-torsion for aspherical closed manifolds].
If is an aspherical closed manifold of odd dimension, then is --acyclic and
If is a closed connected Riemannian manifold of odd dimension with negative sectional curvature, then is --acyclic and
If is an aspherical closed manifold whose fundamental group contains an amenable infinite normal subgroup, then is --acyclic and
11.3 Homological growth and L2-torsion for closed aspherical manifolds
The following conjecture is motivated by [Lück2002, Conjecture 11.3 on page 418]
and in particular by the preprint of
Bergeron and Venkatesh [Bergeron&Venkatesh2010, Conjecture 1.3].
Conjecture 11.4 [Homological growth and -torsion for aspherical manifolds].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection
is the trivial subgroup. Then:
If is residually finite, then Conjecture 11.4
implies Conjecture 11.3. Conjecture 11.4
has been proved in the special case, where contains an infinite normal elementary amenable subgroup or carries a non-trivial -action,
in [Lück2012]. A very interesting open case is the one of a closed hyperbolic -manifold.
11.4 versus Fp-approximation
Conjecture 11.5 [Approximation by Betti numbers].
Let be a closed aspherical manifold of dimension . Let
be a nested sequence of in normal subgroups of finite index such that their intersection is the trivial subgroup. Let be any field. Then we get for every
Remark 11.6.
Conjecture 11.5 follows from [Lück1994] in the case that has characteristic zero, actually without the assumption that is aspherical. The interesting and open case is the case of the prime characteristic , where the assumption "aspherical" is definitely necessary, see for instance [Bergeron&Linnell&Lück&Sauer2012][Ershof&Lück2012][Linnell&Lück&Sauer2011], and one may additionally demand that each index is a -power.
11.5 Simplicial volume and L2-invariants
Conjecture 11.7 [Simplicial volume and -invariants].
Let be an aspherical closed orientable manifold. Suppose that its simplicial volume vanishes. Then is of determinant class and
Let be a complete Riemannian manifold. Suppose that is the universal covering of an aspherical closed Riemannian manifold (with the Riemannian metric coming from ). Then for some zero is in the Spectrum of the minimal closure
of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on .
Remark 11.9 [Non-aspherical counterexamples to the Zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture].
For all of the conjectures about aspherical spaces stated in this article it is obvious that they cannot be true if one drops the condition aspherical except for the zero-in-the-Spectrum Conjecture 11.8. Farber and Weinberger [Farber&Weinberger2001] gave the first example of a closed Riemannian manifold for which zero is not in the spectrum of the minimal closure of the Laplacian acting on smooth -forms on for each . The construction by Higson, Roe and Schick [Higson&Roe&Schick2001] yields a plenty of such counterexamples. But there are no aspherical counterexamples known.
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