Extending functors on the category of manifolds and submersions
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There exist natural constructions of contravariant functors on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions which one would like to extend to a functor for all smooth maps. For example, if one assigns to a smooth manifold the groupoid whose objects are pairs of smooth proper maps , and morphism are diffeomorphism commuting with and resp., one has for a submersion an induced map by the pullback construction. If one passes to cobordism classes of pairs one obtains groups and transversality can be used to define induced maps for arbitrary maps . This is Quillen's geometric construction of cobordism theory as a cohomology theory on the category of manifolds and all smooth maps.
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001
If one considers for a compact Lie group the corresponding functors where one replaces manifolds by -manifolds and smooth maps by equivariant smooth maps, one can again pass to the cobordism groups but the transversality theorem does not hold and so the question comes up how to construct induced maps. A similar problem with transversality occurs for maps between infinite dimensional manifolds.
In this note we explain (in an obvious way) how to overcome this difficulty and extend functors on the category of smooth maps and submersions with certain properties, to functors, where induced maps are defined for all smooth maps.
Contents |
1 Introduction
Let be a compact Lie group. Given a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions to the category of abelian groups we would like to construct an extension of induced maps for arbitrary equivariant smooth maps. By a homotopy functor we mean that if we have a homotopy through submersions, then the induced maps agree. We also want the extended functor to be a homotopy functor on all smooth maps. Everything in this note is probably well known to experts but we could not find a reference for it.
The following is a necessary condition:
Condition: If is a smooth equivariant vector bundle then is an isomorphism.
Theorem 1.1. Let be a contravariant homotopy functor from the category of smooth -manifolds (either finite dimensional or Hilbert manifolds) and morphisms which are equivariant submersions, to the category of abelian groups such that the condition above is fulfilled. Then there is a unique extension to a homotopy functor on all equivariant smooth maps.
If is a graded abelian group together with a natural Meyer-Vietoris sequence for every equivariant open covering (a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions), then the extension to the category of smooth manifolds and all smooth maps is again a cohomology theory: The Meyer-Vietoris sequence is again natural.
2 The construction
The proof is given by using the obvious trick of factoring an arbitrary smooth map through the composition of an embedding and a submersion to construct the extension in a unique way. The main thing left to be shown is functoriality. We prepare the construction of the extension with considerations concerning equivariant tubular neighborhoods.
Lemma 2.1. Every equivariant closed smooth embedding has an equivariant tubular neighborhood, which is unique up to homotopy through submersions.
Proof. Tubular neighborhoods can be constructed as in the finite dimensional setting. This is carried out in [Lang1999] using the concept of sprays. Instead one can use a Riemannian metric. From both data one gets the exponential map, which is a diffeomorphism on a small neighborhood of the zero section of the normal bundle to its image. Then one uses partition of unity to construct a diffeomorphism by shrinking the normal bundle to the open neighborhood. All this works equivariantly for compact Lie group actions. The only difference is that one considers an equivariant Riemannian metric which one obtains by averaging a non-equivariant Riemannian metric. Then the exponential map is automatically equivariant. Similarly, the shrinking construction works equivariantly by using an equivariant partition of unity, which again can be obtained from a non-equivariant partition of unity by averaging. The uniqueness is obtained by using a relative equivariant tubular neighborhood
Given an equivariant closed smooth embedding with an equivariant tubular neighborhood and projection map , denote by . Since equivariant tubular neighborhoods are unique up to homotopy through submersions is independent of this choice.
With this we define induced maps for an arbitrary equivariant smooth map as follows. First, we factor as the composition of the closed embedding and the projection . Then we define
We have to show:
1) coincides with the previously defined functor for equivariant submersions.
2) is a homotopy functor from the category of smooth (Hilbert) G-manifolds and equivariant smooth maps.
Proposition 2.2. The definition of induced maps coincides with the previous definition for submersions.
Proof. Let be an equivariant submersion. We need to show that , which is equivalent to showing that by functoriality for submersions. This holds since is homotopic to via submersions. A homotopy is given by mapping to , where is a smooth map, which is near and near . It is a homotopy via submersions, since for one uses that is a submersion and for one uses that is a submersion.
It is clear from the construction that this extension is unique. The fact that it depends only on the homotopy class of the map follows from the fact that if is homotopic to then is isotopic to .
We are left to show functoriality. This is done in few steps.
Lemma 2.3. Given a pullback square
where is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion. Then .
Proof. Since this is a pullback square, is an equivariant closed smooth embedding and is an equivariant submersion, therefore, all induced maps are defined.
In Theorem 6.7 in [Hirsch1976] the following was proven for non-equivariant maps. In the diagram above, if is compact, then suppose given tubular neighborhoods of and of . Let be a disk bundle such that , then one can approximate by , via a homotopy , such that is a vector bundle map, on for and for .
The same argument works for non-compact if one replaces by a subbundle , for some map . In order to have a disk bundle as in Hirsch's Theorem, one has to renormalize the metric. In addition, by taking equivariant tubular neighbourhoods and an equivariant map (which can be constructed, since is compact), one obtains the same result in the equivariant setting. Notice, that since the subspace of all submersions is open in the space of all maps, one can choose such that it a submersion for all . Since all induced maps remain unchanged along the homotopy we may assume with no loss of generality that . Hence, we obtain the following commutative diagram where all maps are submersions:
This proves the lemma since the induced maps for submersions are functorial.
Lemma 2.4. Let and be equivariant closed smooth embeddings, then .
Proof. Denote by and the normal bundles of the image of and respectively. We have the following commutative diagram
where is the pullback of the square. Since all maps are submersions the result follows from the commutativity and the naturality for induced maps for submersions.
Lemma 2.5. If is an equivariant closed smooth embedding then .
Proof. Look at the following commutative diagram:
The right square is a pullback, so we can use Lemma 2.3. The triangle on the left is used to compute the induced map for the identity on , so we can use Proposition 2.2. Then we use Lemma 2.4, which shows that the map induced by the upper row is equal to the map induced by . Putting this all together we get:
Remark 2.6. What we saw so far implies that , and that for equivariant closed smooth embeddings and we have
We now prove functoriality in the general case:
Proposition 2.7. For equivariant smooth maps and we have
Proof. We prove the statement by showing that certain induced maps commute. For this we use the following commutative diagram
The proof consists of three parts.
1) The middle square is a pullback, so by Lemma 2.3 we have .
2) Lemma 2.5 for the upper triangle implies:
3) For the right triangle, we want to show that
To see that, choose a of tubular neighborhood of in and take to be a tubular neighborhood of in . Then the following diagram commutes
Since all the maps here are submersions this implies what we wanted.
All this implies that:
<\wikitex>
Extentions of cohomology theories
Often the functors map to the category of graded groups and fulfil the axioms of a cohomology theory on the category of smooth manifolds and submersions. This means that it is a homotopy functor together with a Meyer-Vietoris sequence for each equivariant open covering which is natural with respect to induced maps, meaning that if is a submersion and and and , then the corresponding diagram of Meyer-Vietoris sequences and restriction of the induces maps commutes.
Lemma 4.1. In such a situation the extension of the functor to the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps is again a cohomology theory.
Proof. We have to show that the Mayer-Vietoris sequence is natural with respect to all smooth maps. By the naturality for submersions, it is enough to look at the case and . We factorize as before. We have to choose the tubular neighborhood of in in such a way that the projection map satisfies and , where and (otherwise we will not get induced maps ). This can be achieved by choosing correctly. Doing that we get the following diagram
which commutes by the naturality of the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for submersions. For the inclusion of in and the projection we use naturality for submersions and composing all we prove the lemma.
3 Applications
As an application we consider the functor assigning to a finite dimensional -manifold the bordism group of proper equivariant smooth maps from an -dimensional -manifold to , where . This is a homotopy functor on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant submersions, where induced maps are given by the pullback. Our condition is in general not fulfilled. To achieve this one passes to the cofiltered limit , where the limit is taken over the cofiltered category of -vector bundles with morphisms equivariant linear submersions . This way we make sure that our condition is fulfilled for . By standard considerations one proves that this is a generalized equivariant cohomology theory. When is the trivial group this theory agrees with non-oriented cobordism.
If one replaces in this example by , where is a stratifold (see [Kreck2010]), one obtains another cohomology theory on the category of smooth -manifolds and equivariant maps, denoted by .
Remark 5.1. When is finite one can show that is naturally isomorphic to the cohomology of the Borel construction. We plan to study such extensions in a separate paper.
4 References
- [Hirsch1976] M. W. Hirsch, Differential topology., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 33. Springer-Verlag., New York-Heidelberg, 1976. MR0448362 (56 #6669) Zbl 0356.57001
- [Kreck2010] M. Kreck, Differential algebraic topology, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 110, American Mathematical Society, 2010. MR2641092 (2011i:55001) Zbl 05714474
- [Lang1999] S. Lang, Fundamentals of differential geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 191. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. MR1666820 Zbl 0932.53001