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• For the more general case where $A H_2(M) \neq 0/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_XBLfp4$$<wikitex refresh">; * For the more general case where $A H_1(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. </wikitex> <wikitex refresh include="MediaWiki:MathFontCM">; * For the more general case where $B H_1(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. </wikitex> <wikitex refresh include="MediaWiki:MathFontHV">; * For the more general case where $C H_1(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. </wikitex> == Introduction == <wikitex refresh include="MediaWiki:MathFontHV">; Let $\mathcal{M}_6(0)$ be the set of diffeomorphism classes of [[wikipedia:Closed_manifold|closed]] [[wikipedia:Differentiable_manifold|smooth]] [[wikipedia:Simply-connected|simply-connected]] 2-connected 6-manifolds $M$. The classification $\mathcal{M}_6(0)$ was one of Smale's first applications of the [[Wikipedia:h-cobordism_theorem|h-cobordism]] theorem {{cite|Smale1962a|Corollary 1.3}}. The classification, as for [[Surface|oriented surfaces]] is strikingly simple: every 2-connected 6-manifold $M$ is diffeomorphic to a [[Wikipedia:Connected-sum|connected-sum]] $$ M \cong \sharp_r(S^3 \times S^3)$$ where by definition $\sharp_0(S^3 \times S^3) = S^6$ and in general $r$ is determined by the formula for the [[Wikipedia:Euler characteristic|Euler characteristic]] of $M$ $$ \chi(M) = 2 - 2r.$$ * For the more general case where $H_2(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. == Construction and examples == The following gives a complete list of 2-connected 6-manifolds up to diffeomorphism: * $S^6$, the standard 6-sphere. * $\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)$, the $b$-fold connected sum of $S^3 \times S^3$. == Invariants == Suppose that $M$ is diffeomorphic to $\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)$ then: * $\pi_3(M) \cong H_3(M) \cong \Zz^{2b}$, * the third Betti-number of $M$ is given by $b_3(M) = 2b$, * the Euler characteristic of $M$ is given by $\chi(M) = 2 - 2b$, * the [[Intersection forms|intersection form]] of $M$ is isomorphic to the sum of b-copies of $H_{-}(\Zz)$, the standard skew-symmetric hyperbolic form on $\Zz^2$. == Classification == Recall that the following theorem was stated in other words in the introduction: {{beginthm|Theorem|{{cite|Smale1962a|Corolary 1.3}}}} \label{thm:classification} The semi-group of 2-connected 6-manifolds is generated by $S^3 \times S^3$. {{endthm}} Hence if $\Nn$ denotes the natural numbers we obtain a bijection $$ \mathcal{M}_6(0)\equiv \Nn,~~~[M] \mapsto \frac{1}{2}b_3(M).$$ == Further discussion == === Topological 2-connected 6-manifolds === Let $\mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e)$ be the set of homeomorphism classes of topological 2-connected 6-manifolds. {{beginthm|Theorem}} Every topological 2-connected 6-manifold admits a smooth structure which is unique up to diffoemorphism. That is, there is a bijection $$ \mathcal{M}_6(e) \rightarrow \mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e).$$ {{endthm}} {{beginproof}} For any such manifold $M$ we have $H^4(M; \Zz/2) \cong 0$ and so $M$ is smoothable (see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected#Smoothing theory|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]). Any two homeomorphic manifolds have the same Euler Characteristic and so by Theorem \ref{thm:classification} are diffeomorphic. {{endproof}} === Mapping class groups === ... </wikitex> == References == {{#RefList:}} [[Category:Manifolds]] [[Category:Highly-connected manifolds]]<wikitex refresh">; * For the more general case where $A H_1(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. </wikitex> <wikitex refresh include="MediaWiki:MathFontCM">; * For the more general case where $B H_1(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. </wikitex> <wikitex refresh include="MediaWiki:MathFontHV">; * For the more general case where $C H_1(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. </wikitex> == Introduction == <wikitex refresh include="MediaWiki:MathFontHV">; Let $\mathcal{M}_6(0)$ be the set of diffeomorphism classes of [[wikipedia:Closed_manifold|closed]] [[wikipedia:Differentiable_manifold|smooth]] [[wikipedia:Simply-connected|simply-connected]] 2-connected 6-manifolds $M$. The classification $\mathcal{M}_6(0)$ was one of Smale's first applications of the [[Wikipedia:h-cobordism_theorem|h-cobordism]] theorem {{cite|Smale1962a|Corollary 1.3}}. The classification, as for [[Surface|oriented surfaces]] is strikingly simple: every 2-connected 6-manifold $M$ is diffeomorphic to a [[Wikipedia:Connected-sum|connected-sum]] $$ M \cong \sharp_r(S^3 \times S^3)$$ where by definition $\sharp_0(S^3 \times S^3) = S^6$ and in general $r$ is determined by the formula for the [[Wikipedia:Euler characteristic|Euler characteristic]] of $M$ $$ \chi(M) = 2 - 2r.$$ * For the more general case where $H_2(M) \neq 0$, see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]. == Construction and examples == The following gives a complete list of 2-connected 6-manifolds up to diffeomorphism: * $S^6$, the standard 6-sphere. * $\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)$, the $b$-fold connected sum of $S^3 \times S^3$. == Invariants == Suppose that $M$ is diffeomorphic to $\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)$ then: * $\pi_3(M) \cong H_3(M) \cong \Zz^{2b}$, * the third Betti-number of $M$ is given by $b_3(M) = 2b$, * the Euler characteristic of $M$ is given by $\chi(M) = 2 - 2b$, * the [[Intersection forms|intersection form]] of $M$ is isomorphic to the sum of b-copies of $H_{-}(\Zz)$, the standard skew-symmetric hyperbolic form on $\Zz^2$. == Classification == Recall that the following theorem was stated in other words in the introduction: {{beginthm|Theorem|{{cite|Smale1962a|Corolary 1.3}}}} \label{thm:classification} The semi-group of 2-connected 6-manifolds is generated by $S^3 \times S^3$. {{endthm}} Hence if $\Nn$ denotes the natural numbers we obtain a bijection $$ \mathcal{M}_6(0)\equiv \Nn,~~~[M] \mapsto \frac{1}{2}b_3(M).$$ == Further discussion == === Topological 2-connected 6-manifolds === Let $\mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e)$ be the set of homeomorphism classes of topological 2-connected 6-manifolds. {{beginthm|Theorem}} Every topological 2-connected 6-manifold admits a smooth structure which is unique up to diffoemorphism. That is, there is a bijection $$ \mathcal{M}_6(e) \rightarrow \mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e).$$ {{endthm}} {{beginproof}} For any such manifold $M$ we have $H^4(M; \Zz/2) \cong 0$ and so $M$ is smoothable (see [[6-manifolds: 1-connected#Smoothing theory|6-manifolds: 1-connected]]). Any two homeomorphic manifolds have the same Euler Characteristic and so by Theorem \ref{thm:classification} are diffeomorphic. {{endproof}} === Mapping class groups === ... </wikitex> == References == {{#RefList:}} [[Category:Manifolds]] [[Category:Highly-connected manifolds]]A H_2(M) \neq 0$, see 6-manifolds: 1-connected.

• For the more general case where $B H_2(M) \neq 0/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_Oc0YSX$$B H_2(M) \neq 0$, see 6-manifolds: 1-connected.

• For the more general case where $C H_2(M) \neq 0/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_hGTWPR$$C H_2(M) \neq 0$, see 6-manifolds: 1-connected.

1 Introduction

Let $\mathcal{M}_6(0)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_aQlncM$$\mathcal{M}_6(0)$ be the set of diffeomorphism classes of closed smooth simply-connected 2-connected 6-manifolds $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_j44zXG$$M$.

The classification $\mathcal{M}_6(0)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_CdKE4B$$\mathcal{M}_6(0)$ was one of Smale's first applications of the h-cobordism theorem [Smale1962a, Corollary 1.3]. The classification, as for oriented surfaces is strikingly simple: every 2-connected 6-manifold $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_tsv8Ax$$M$ is diffeomorphic to a connected-sum

$\displaystyle M \cong \sharp_r(S^3 \times S^3)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_2Qpptt$ $$\displaystyle M \cong \sharp_r(S^3 \times S^3)$$

where by definition $\sharp_0(S^3 \times S^3) = S^6/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_PQZTKp$$\sharp_0(S^3 \times S^3) = S^6$ and in general $r/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_4LUQtm$$r$ is determined by the formula for the Euler characteristic of $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_dxpXCj$$M$

$\displaystyle \chi(M) = 2 - 2r./var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_u8Xb9g$ $$\displaystyle \chi(M) = 2 - 2r.$$

• For the more general case where $H_2(M) \neq 0/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_vyhL2e$$H_2(M) \neq 0$, see 6-manifolds: 1-connected.

1 Construction and examples

The following gives a complete list of 2-connected 6-manifolds up to diffeomorphism:

• $S^6/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_ITsjjd$$S^6$, the standard 6-sphere.
• $\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_fESW3c$$\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)$, the $b/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_iIW3gd$$b$-fold connected sum of $S^3 \times S^3/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_5C8dQd$$S^3 \times S^3$.

2 Invariants

Suppose that $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_QucvLe$$M$ is diffeomorphic to $\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_PVCd5f$$\sharp_b(S^3 \times S^3)$ then:

• $\pi_3(M) \cong H_3(M) \cong \Zz^{2b}/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_CfPVNh$$\pi_3(M) \cong H_3(M) \cong \Zz^{2b}$,
• the third Betti-number of $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_h8I1Vj$$M$ is given by $b_3(M) = 2b/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_AciCtm$$b_3(M) = 2b$,
• the Euler characteristic of $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_xp0qqp$$M$ is given by $\chi(M) = 2 - 2b/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_au5yKs$$\chi(M) = 2 - 2b$,
• the intersection form of $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_nnATuw$$M$ is isomorphic to the sum of b-copies of $H_{-}(\Zz)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_sNriEA$$H_{-}(\Zz)$, the standard skew-symmetric hyperbolic form on $\Zz^2/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_fhTVcF$$\Zz^2$.

3 Classification

Recall that the following theorem was stated in other words in the introduction:

Theorem 7.1 [Smale1962a, Corolary 1.3]. The semi-group of 2-connected 6-manifolds is generated by $S^3 \times S^3/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_miDfdK$$S^3 \times S^3$.

Hence if $\Nn/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_vgq1FP$$\Nn$ denotes the natural numbers we obtain a bijection

$\displaystyle \mathcal{M}_6(0)\equiv \Nn,~~~[M] \mapsto \frac{1}{2}b_3(M)./var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_EQT4rU$ $$\displaystyle \mathcal{M}_6(0)\equiv \Nn,~~~[M] \mapsto \frac{1}{2}b_3(M).$$

4 Further discussion

4.1 Topological 2-connected 6-manifolds

Let $\mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e)/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_pdkiI0$$\mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e)$ be the set of homeomorphism classes of topological 2-connected 6-manifolds.

Theorem 9.1. Every topological 2-connected 6-manifold admits a smooth structure which is unique up to diffoemorphism. That is, there is a bijection

$\displaystyle \mathcal{M}_6(e) \rightarrow \mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e)./var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_UPIin7$ $$\displaystyle \mathcal{M}_6(e) \rightarrow \mathcal{M}^{\Top}_6(e).$$

Proof. For any such manifold $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_DueZze$$M$ we have $H^4(M; \Zz/2) \cong 0/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_Urmikm$$H^4(M; \Zz/2) \cong 0$ and so $M/var/www/vhost/map.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/tmp/AppWikiTex/tex_LXzUtu$$M$ is smoothable (see 6-manifolds: 1-connected). Any two homeomorphic manifolds have the same Euler Characteristic and so by Theorem 7.1 are diffeomorphic.

$\square$$\square$

4.2 Mapping class groups

...

2 References

• [Smale1962a] S. Smale, On the structure of manifolds, Amer. J. Math. 84 (1962), 387–399. MR0153022 (27 #2991) Zbl 0109.41103