Embedding
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− | We work in a fixed category CAT of topological, piecewise linear, $ C^r$ | + | We work in a fixed category CAT of topological, piecewise linear, $ C^r$-differentiable $(1 \leq r \leq \infty )$ or real analytic manifolds (second countable, Hausdorff, without boundary) and maps between them. |
Let $ f : M^m \rightarrow N^n $ be such a map between manifolds of the indicated dimensions $ 1 \leq m < n $. | Let $ f : M^m \rightarrow N^n $ be such a map between manifolds of the indicated dimensions $ 1 \leq m < n $. | ||
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of local flatness is implied by our definition of immersion. Embeddings (and immersions) into familiar target manifolds such as $\R^n$ may help to visualize abstractly defined manifolds. E. g. all smooth surfaces can be immersed into $\R^3$; but nonorientable surfaces (such as the projective plane and the Klein bottle) allow no embeddings into $\R^3$. | of local flatness is implied by our definition of immersion. Embeddings (and immersions) into familiar target manifolds such as $\R^n$ may help to visualize abstractly defined manifolds. E. g. all smooth surfaces can be immersed into $\R^3$; but nonorientable surfaces (such as the projective plane and the Klein bottle) allow no embeddings into $\R^3$. | ||
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==Existence of embeddings== | ==Existence of embeddings== | ||
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Contents |
1 Definition
We work in a fixed category CAT of topological, piecewise linear, -differentiable or real analytic manifolds (second countable, Hausdorff, without boundary) and maps between them.
Let be such a map between manifolds of the indicated dimensions .
Definition 1.1. We call an embedding (and we write ) if is an immersion which maps homeomorphically onto its image.
It follows that an embedding cannot have selfintersections. But even an injective immersion need not be an embedding; e. g. the figure six 6 is the image of a smooth immersion but not of an embedding. Note that in the topological and piecewise linear categories,CAT = TOP or PL, our definition yields locally flat embeddings. In these categories there are other concepts of embeddings - e.g. wild embeddings - which are not locally flat: the condition of local flatness is implied by our definition of immersion. Embeddings (and immersions) into familiar target manifolds such as may help to visualize abstractly defined manifolds. E. g. all smooth surfaces can be immersed into ; but nonorientable surfaces (such as the projective plane and the Klein bottle) allow no embeddings into .
2 Existence of embeddings
Theorem 2.1 [Penrose&Whitehead&Zeeman1961]. For every compact --dimensional PL-manifold there exists a PL--embedding .
Remark 2.2. For a good exposition of Theorem 2.1 see also [Rourke&Sanderson1972a, p. 63].
Theorem 2.3 [Whitney1944]. For every closed m--dimensional --manifold there exists a --embedding .
Remark 2.4. For a more modern exposition see also [Adachi1993, p. 67ff].
Similar existence results for embeddings are valid also in the categories of real analytic maps and of isometrics (Nash) when is sufficiently high.
3 Classification
In order to get a survey of all ``essentially distinct´´ embeddings it is meaningful to introduce equivalence relations such as (ambient) isotopy, concordance, bordism etc., and to aim at classifying embeddings accordingly. Already for the most basic choices of and this may turn out to be a very difficult task. E.g. in the theory of knots (or links) where is a sphere (or a finite union of spheres) and the multitude of possible knotting and linking phenomena is just overwhelming. Even classifying links up to the very crude equivalence relation `link homotopy´ is very far from having been achieved yet.
4 References
- [Adachi1993] M. Adachi, Embeddings and immersions, Translated from the Japanese by Kiki Hudson. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, 124. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS), 1993. MR1225100 (95a:57039) Zbl 0810.57001
- [Penrose&Whitehead&Zeeman1961] R. Penrose, J. Whitehead and E. Zeeman, Imbedding of manifolds in Euclidean space., Ann. of Math. 73 (1961) 613–623. MR0124909 (23 #A2218) Zbl 0113.38101
- [Rourke&Sanderson1972a] C. P. Rourke and B. J. Sanderson, Introduction to piecewise-linear topology, Springer-Verlag, 1972. MR0350744 (50 #3236) Zbl 0477.57003
- [Whitney1944] H. Whitney, The self-intersections of a smooth -manifold in -space, Ann. of Math. (2) 45 (1944), 220–246. MR0010274 (5,273g) Zbl 0063.08237