# Some calculations involving configuration spaces of distinct points

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## 1 Introduction

‘The complement of the diagonal’ and ‘the Gauss map’ ideas play a great role in different branches of mathematics. The Haefliger-Wu invariant is a manifestation of these ideas in the theory of embeddings. The complement to the diagonal idea originated from two celebrated theorems: the Lefschetz Fixed Point Theorem and the Borsuk-Ulam Antipodes Theorem. See [Vassiliev1992].

In introducing notation and definitions we follow [Skopenkov2020a].

If the category is omitted, then a result stated below holds in both the smooth and piecewise-linear (PL) category.

The deleted product

$\displaystyle \widetilde K=K^{\underline2}:=\{(x,y)\in K\times K\ :\ x\ne y\}.$

This is the configuration space of ordered pairs of distinct points of $K$$ {{Stub}} == Introduction == ; ... == Construction and examples == ; For a manifold X, \widetilde X denotes ''the deleted product'' of X, i.e. X^2 minus an open tubular neighborhood of the diagonal. It is a manifold with boundary and has the standard free involution. {{theorem|Definition}}[of the Haefliger-Wu invariant \alpha] \label{DefHaef} The Haefliger-Wu invariant \alpha:\mathrm{Emb}^{k}N\to \pi_{\mathrm{eq}}^{k-1}(\widetilde{N}) is induced by the Gauss map, also denoted by \alpha. The Gauss map assigns to an individual embedding f:N\to\R^{k} an equivariant map \widetilde{N}\to S^{k-1} defined by the formula (x,y)\mapsto \frac{f(x)-f(y)} {\|f(x)-f(y)\|}, \quad (x,y)\in\widetilde{N}\subset N\times N. The Haefliger-Wu invariant and the Gauss map are analogously defined for N_0; we will denote them by \alpha_0 in this case. {{definition}} == Invariants == ; ... == Classification/Characterization == ; ... == Further discussion == ; ... == References == {{#RefList:}} [[Category:Manifolds]]K$.

Suppose that $f:K\to\R^m$$f:K\to\R^m$ is an embedding of a subset $K\subset \mathbb R^N$$K\subset \mathbb R^N$. Then the map $\widetilde f:\widetilde K\to S^{m-1}$$\widetilde f:\widetilde K\to S^{m-1}$ is well-defined by the Gauss formula

$\displaystyle \widetilde f(x,y)=\frac{f(x)-f(y)}{|f(x)-f(y)|}.$

We have $\widetilde f(y,x)=-\widetilde f(x,y)$$\widetilde f(y,x)=-\widetilde f(x,y)$, i.e. this map is equivariant with respect to the `exchanging factors' involution $(x,y)\mapsto(y,x)$$(x,y)\mapsto(y,x)$ on $\widetilde K$$\widetilde K$ and the antipodal involution on $S^{m-1}$$S^{m-1}$. Thus the existence of an equivariant map $\widetilde K\to S^{m-1}$$\widetilde K\to S^{m-1}$ is a necessary condition for the embeddability of $K$$K$ in $\R^m$$\R^m$.

Denote by $\mathrm{Emb}^{m}K$$\mathrm{Emb}^{m}K$ the set embeddings of $K$$K$ into $\mathbb R^{m}$$\mathbb R^{m}$ up to isotopy. Let $\pi_{\mathrm{eq}}^{m}(\widetilde K) = [\widetilde K;S^{m}]_{\mathrm{eq}}$$\pi_{\mathrm{eq}}^{m}(\widetilde K) = [\widetilde K;S^{m}]_{\mathrm{eq}}$ be the set of equivariant maps $\widetilde K \to S^m$$\widetilde K \to S^m$ up to equivariant homotopy. By $[·]$$[·]$ we denote the isotopy class of an embedding or the homotopy class of a map.

The Haefliger-Wu invariant $\alpha:\mathrm{Emb}^{m}K\to \pi_{\mathrm{eq}}^{m-1}(\widetilde{K})$$\alpha:\mathrm{Emb}^{m}K\to \pi_{\mathrm{eq}}^{m-1}(\widetilde{K})$ is defined by formula $\alpha([f]) = [\widetilde f]$$\alpha([f]) = [\widetilde f]$.

Theorem 1.1. The Haefliger-Wu invariant $\alpha:\mathrm{Emb}^m K\to\pi^{m-1}_{\mathrm{eq}}( \widetilde K)$$\alpha:\mathrm{Emb}^m K\to\pi^{m-1}_{\mathrm{eq}}( \widetilde K)$ is one-to-one either

(a) $K$$K$ is a compact connected $n$$n$-complex and $2m\ge 3n+4$$2m\ge 3n+4$ or

(b) $K$$K$ is a compact $n$$n$-manifold with nonempty boundary, $(K, \partial K)$$(K, \partial K)$ is $k$$k$-connected, $\pi_1(\partial K) = 0$$\pi_1(\partial K) = 0$, $k + 3 \le n$$k + 3 \le n$, $(n, k) \notin \{(5, 2), (4, 1)\}$$(n, k) \notin \{(5, 2), (4, 1)\}$ and $2m\ge 3n+2-k$$2m\ge 3n+2-k$.

See [Skopenkov2006, $\S$$\S$ 5] and [Haefliger1963, 6.4], [Skopenkov2002, Theorem 1.1$\alpha\partial$$\alpha\partial$] for the DIFF case and [Skopenkov2002, Theorem 1.3$\alpha\partial$$\alpha\partial$] for the PL case.

## 2 Uniqueness theorems

Lemma 2.1. Assume that $N$$N$ is a compact $n$$n$-manifold and either

(a) $m \ge 2n+2$$m \ge 2n+2$ or

(b) $N$$N$ is connected and $m \ge 2n+1 \ge 5$$m \ge 2n+1 \ge 5$.

Then each two equivariant maps from $\widetilde N$$\widetilde N$ to $S^{m-1}$$S^{m-1}$ are equivariantly homotopic.

Hereafter denote by $\widetilde K$$\widetilde K$ the product $K\times K$$K\times K$ minus tubular neighborhood of the diagonal.

Proof. Given two equivariant maps $\phi, \psi\colon\widetilde N \to S^{m-1}$$\phi, \psi\colon\widetilde N \to S^{m-1}$ take an arbitrary equivariant triangulation $T$$T$ of $\widetilde N$$\widetilde N$.

(a) One can easily construct an equivariant homotopy between restrictions of $\phi$$\phi$ and $\psi$$\psi$ on vertices of $T$$T$. By general position a homotopy between $\phi$$\phi$ and $\psi$$\psi$ on the boundary of a simplex can be extended to a homotopy on the whole simplex since the dimension of the simplex does not exceed $2n+1$$2n+1$. We extend equivariant homotopy on symmetric simplices in the symmetric way, so we obtain an equivariant homotopy.

(b) Since $\widetilde{N}$$\widetilde{N}$ has non-empty boundary, there exists an equivariant deformational retraction of $\widetilde{N}$$\widetilde{N}$ to an equivariant $(2n-1)$$(2n-1)$-subcomplex of $T$$T$. A homotopy between $\phi$$\phi$ and $\psi$$\psi$ on the subcomplex can by constructed similarly to case (a). This homotopy can be extended to a homotopy on $\widetilde{N}$$\widetilde{N}$. QED

Lemma 2.2. Assume that $N$$N$ is a closed $k$$k$-connected $n$$n$-manifold and $m-1 \ge 2n-k$$m-1 \ge 2n-k$.

Then each two equivariant maps from $\widetilde N$$\widetilde N$ to $S^{m-1}$$S^{m-1}$ are equivariantly homotopic.

## 3 References

V. A. Vassiliev, Complements of discriminants of smooth maps: Topology and applications., Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, (1992).