Linking form

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[edit] 1 Definition

After Seifert [Seifert1933], a closed oriented n-manifold N has a bilinear linking form

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\Zz) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) \to \mathbb{Q}/\Zz.

Here the torsion part of an abelian group P is the subgroup

\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \Z\}.

The linking form is the analogue for the torsion part of the homology of the intersection product which vanishes on the torsion part.

The linking form is defined as follows. Take [x] \in TH_\ell(N;\Zz) and [y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) represented by cycles x \in C_\ell(N;\Zz) and y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\Zz). There is Y\in C_{n-\ell}(N;\Z) such that \partial Y = sy for some s \in \Zz. Define

\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]):= \langle x, Y \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\Zz
to be the intersection number of x and Y divided by s and taken modulo 1.

For fixed N,[x],[y] the resulting `residie modulo 1' is independent of the choices of x,y,Y and s.

We have

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell)}L_N(y,x).

[edit] 2 Definition via cohomology

Let x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) and let y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}). Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})

and

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology:

\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).

Choose z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) such that \beta(z) = PD(x). This is always possible since torsion elements in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) map to zero in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}). There is a cup product:

\displaystyle \cup \colon  H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to  H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).

Then the Kronecker pairing,

\displaystyle \langle z \cup PD(y),[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z},

of z \cup  PD(y) with the fundamental class of N yields L_N(x,y).

[edit] 3 Examples of 3-dimensional projective and lens spaces

As an example, let N = \mathbb{RP}^3, so that \ell=1 and n=3. Now H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2. Let \theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta), consider \mathbb{RP}^3 modelled as D^3/\sim, with antipodal points on \partial D^2 identified, and choose two representative 1-chains x and y for \theta. Let x be the straight line between north and south poles and let y be half of the equator. Now 2y = \partial w, where w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that \langle x,w \rangle = 1, so that

\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space N_{p,q} := L(p; q, 1) has H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p. The linking form is given on a generator \theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) by L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p. Note that N_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3, so this is consistent with the above example.

[edit] 4 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on N^{2\ell +1}

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}

is an exact sequence:

\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,

where F is a free abelain group and the linking L_N(x,y) can be computed as follows. Let x',y' \in F^* be such that \partial(x')=x and \partial(y')=y. Then we can tensor with \mathbb{Q} to obtain an isomorphism

\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.

The linking form of N is then given by:

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = -(x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes  \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).

This formula, in particular the appearance of the sign, is explained in [Gordon&Litherland1978, Section 3] and [Alexander&Hamrick&Vick1976, Proof of Theorem 2.1].

Let \ell = 1, so 2\ell + 1 = 3. Every 3-manifold N is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in S^3 [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for N. Suppose that N is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let A be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for N as the rank of F, the linking matrix A determines a map \Phi as above, which presents the linking form of N. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold W whose boundary is N presents the linking form of N. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair (W,N) and Poincaré duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

For example, the lens space L(p,1) is the boundary of the D^2 bundle over S^2 with Euler number -p, so the presentation \Phi = (-p) \colon \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z} presents the linking form of L(p,1) [Gompf&Stipsicz1999, Example 5.3.2].

[edit] 5 Role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds

Linking forms play an important role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds. For closed simply connected 5-manifolds M, the linking form is a complete invariant if H_2(M; \Zz) = TH_2(M; \Zz). For more information in dimension 5, see the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

For the role of linking forms in the classification of smooth (q-1)-connected (2q+1) manifolds with boundary a homotopy sphere, see [Wall1967, Theorem 7].

[edit] 6 Algebraic classification

An algebraic linking form is a non-singular bi-linear pairing

\displaystyle  b \colon T \times T \to \Qq/\Zz

on a finite abelian group T. It is called symmetric if b(x, y) = b(y, x) and skew-symmetric if b(x, y) = - b(y, x).

The classification of skew-symmetric linking forms is rather simple and is due to Wall, [Wall1963, Theorem 3]. It is described in detail in the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

The classification of symmetric linking forms is rather intricate. It was begun in [Wall1963] and completed by Kawauchi and Kojima: see [Kawauchi&Kojima1980, Theorem 4.1].

[edit] 7 References

[edit] 8 External links

\to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0$$ is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology: $$H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).$$ Choose $z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z})$ such that $\beta(z) = PD(x)$. This is always possible since torsion elements in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})$ map to zero in $H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q})$. There is a cup product: $$\cup \colon H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).$$ Then the Kronecker pairing, $$\langle z \cup PD(y),[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z},$$ of $z \cup PD(y)$ with the fundamental class of $N$ yields $L_N(x,y)$. ==Examples of 3-dimensional projective and lens spaces== ; As an example, let $N = \mathbb{RP}^3$, so that $\ell=1$ and $n=3$. Now $H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $\theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking $L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta)$, consider $\mathbb{RP}^3$ modelled as $D^3/\sim$, with antipodal points on $\partial D^2$ identified, and choose two representative n-manifold N has a bilinear linking form

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\Zz) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) \to \mathbb{Q}/\Zz.

Here the torsion part of an abelian group P is the subgroup

\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \Z\}.

The linking form is the analogue for the torsion part of the homology of the intersection product which vanishes on the torsion part.

The linking form is defined as follows. Take [x] \in TH_\ell(N;\Zz) and [y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) represented by cycles x \in C_\ell(N;\Zz) and y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\Zz). There is Y\in C_{n-\ell}(N;\Z) such that \partial Y = sy for some s \in \Zz. Define

\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]):= \langle x, Y \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\Zz
to be the intersection number of x and Y divided by s and taken modulo 1.

For fixed N,[x],[y] the resulting `residie modulo 1' is independent of the choices of x,y,Y and s.

We have

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell)}L_N(y,x).

[edit] 2 Definition via cohomology

Let x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) and let y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}). Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})

and

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology:

\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).

Choose z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) such that \beta(z) = PD(x). This is always possible since torsion elements in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) map to zero in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}). There is a cup product:

\displaystyle \cup \colon  H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to  H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).

Then the Kronecker pairing,

\displaystyle \langle z \cup PD(y),[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z},

of z \cup  PD(y) with the fundamental class of N yields L_N(x,y).

[edit] 3 Examples of 3-dimensional projective and lens spaces

As an example, let N = \mathbb{RP}^3, so that \ell=1 and n=3. Now H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2. Let \theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta), consider \mathbb{RP}^3 modelled as D^3/\sim, with antipodal points on \partial D^2 identified, and choose two representative 1-chains x and y for \theta. Let x be the straight line between north and south poles and let y be half of the equator. Now 2y = \partial w, where w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that \langle x,w \rangle = 1, so that

\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space N_{p,q} := L(p; q, 1) has H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p. The linking form is given on a generator \theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) by L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p. Note that N_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3, so this is consistent with the above example.

[edit] 4 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on N^{2\ell +1}

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}

is an exact sequence:

\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,

where F is a free abelain group and the linking L_N(x,y) can be computed as follows. Let x',y' \in F^* be such that \partial(x')=x and \partial(y')=y. Then we can tensor with \mathbb{Q} to obtain an isomorphism

\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.

The linking form of N is then given by:

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = -(x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes  \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).

This formula, in particular the appearance of the sign, is explained in [Gordon&Litherland1978, Section 3] and [Alexander&Hamrick&Vick1976, Proof of Theorem 2.1].

Let \ell = 1, so 2\ell + 1 = 3. Every 3-manifold N is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in S^3 [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for N. Suppose that N is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let A be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for N as the rank of F, the linking matrix A determines a map \Phi as above, which presents the linking form of N. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold W whose boundary is N presents the linking form of N. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair (W,N) and Poincaré duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

For example, the lens space L(p,1) is the boundary of the D^2 bundle over S^2 with Euler number -p, so the presentation \Phi = (-p) \colon \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z} presents the linking form of L(p,1) [Gompf&Stipsicz1999, Example 5.3.2].

[edit] 5 Role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds

Linking forms play an important role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds. For closed simply connected 5-manifolds M, the linking form is a complete invariant if H_2(M; \Zz) = TH_2(M; \Zz). For more information in dimension 5, see the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

For the role of linking forms in the classification of smooth (q-1)-connected (2q+1) manifolds with boundary a homotopy sphere, see [Wall1967, Theorem 7].

[edit] 6 Algebraic classification

An algebraic linking form is a non-singular bi-linear pairing

\displaystyle  b \colon T \times T \to \Qq/\Zz

on a finite abelian group T. It is called symmetric if b(x, y) = b(y, x) and skew-symmetric if b(x, y) = - b(y, x).

The classification of skew-symmetric linking forms is rather simple and is due to Wall, [Wall1963, Theorem 3]. It is described in detail in the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

The classification of symmetric linking forms is rather intricate. It was begun in [Wall1963] and completed by Kawauchi and Kojima: see [Kawauchi&Kojima1980, Theorem 4.1].

[edit] 7 References

[edit] 8 External links

$-chains $x$ and $y$ for $\theta$. Let $x$ be the straight line between north and south poles and let $y$ be half of the equator. Now y = \partial w$, where $w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z})$ is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that $\langle x,w \rangle = 1$, so that $$L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.$$ Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional [[Lens spaces|lens space]] $N_{p,q} := L(p; q, 1)$ has $H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p$. The linking form is given on a generator $\theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z})$ by $L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p$. Note that $N_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3$, so this is consistent with the above example.
==Presentations of linking forms== ; A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on $N^{2\ell +1}$ $$L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$$ is an exact sequence: $-manifold N has a bilinear linking form

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\Zz) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) \to \mathbb{Q}/\Zz.

Here the torsion part of an abelian group P is the subgroup

\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \Z\}.

The linking form is the analogue for the torsion part of the homology of the intersection product which vanishes on the torsion part.

The linking form is defined as follows. Take [x] \in TH_\ell(N;\Zz) and [y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) represented by cycles x \in C_\ell(N;\Zz) and y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\Zz). There is Y\in C_{n-\ell}(N;\Z) such that \partial Y = sy for some s \in \Zz. Define

\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]):= \langle x, Y \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\Zz
to be the intersection number of x and Y divided by s and taken modulo 1.

For fixed N,[x],[y] the resulting `residie modulo 1' is independent of the choices of x,y,Y and s.

We have

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell)}L_N(y,x).

[edit] 2 Definition via cohomology

Let x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) and let y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}). Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})

and

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology:

\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).

Choose z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) such that \beta(z) = PD(x). This is always possible since torsion elements in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) map to zero in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}). There is a cup product:

\displaystyle \cup \colon  H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to  H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).

Then the Kronecker pairing,

\displaystyle \langle z \cup PD(y),[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z},

of z \cup  PD(y) with the fundamental class of N yields L_N(x,y).

[edit] 3 Examples of 3-dimensional projective and lens spaces

As an example, let N = \mathbb{RP}^3, so that \ell=1 and n=3. Now H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2. Let \theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta), consider \mathbb{RP}^3 modelled as D^3/\sim, with antipodal points on \partial D^2 identified, and choose two representative 1-chains x and y for \theta. Let x be the straight line between north and south poles and let y be half of the equator. Now 2y = \partial w, where w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that \langle x,w \rangle = 1, so that

\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space N_{p,q} := L(p; q, 1) has H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p. The linking form is given on a generator \theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) by L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p. Note that N_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3, so this is consistent with the above example.

[edit] 4 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on N^{2\ell +1}

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}

is an exact sequence:

\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,

where F is a free abelain group and the linking L_N(x,y) can be computed as follows. Let x',y' \in F^* be such that \partial(x')=x and \partial(y')=y. Then we can tensor with \mathbb{Q} to obtain an isomorphism

\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.

The linking form of N is then given by:

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = -(x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes  \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).

This formula, in particular the appearance of the sign, is explained in [Gordon&Litherland1978, Section 3] and [Alexander&Hamrick&Vick1976, Proof of Theorem 2.1].

Let \ell = 1, so 2\ell + 1 = 3. Every 3-manifold N is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in S^3 [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for N. Suppose that N is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let A be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for N as the rank of F, the linking matrix A determines a map \Phi as above, which presents the linking form of N. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold W whose boundary is N presents the linking form of N. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair (W,N) and Poincaré duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

For example, the lens space L(p,1) is the boundary of the D^2 bundle over S^2 with Euler number -p, so the presentation \Phi = (-p) \colon \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z} presents the linking form of L(p,1) [Gompf&Stipsicz1999, Example 5.3.2].

[edit] 5 Role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds

Linking forms play an important role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds. For closed simply connected 5-manifolds M, the linking form is a complete invariant if H_2(M; \Zz) = TH_2(M; \Zz). For more information in dimension 5, see the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

For the role of linking forms in the classification of smooth (q-1)-connected (2q+1) manifolds with boundary a homotopy sphere, see [Wall1967, Theorem 7].

[edit] 6 Algebraic classification

An algebraic linking form is a non-singular bi-linear pairing

\displaystyle  b \colon T \times T \to \Qq/\Zz

on a finite abelian group T. It is called symmetric if b(x, y) = b(y, x) and skew-symmetric if b(x, y) = - b(y, x).

The classification of skew-symmetric linking forms is rather simple and is due to Wall, [Wall1963, Theorem 3]. It is described in detail in the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

The classification of symmetric linking forms is rather intricate. It was begun in [Wall1963] and completed by Kawauchi and Kojima: see [Kawauchi&Kojima1980, Theorem 4.1].

[edit] 7 References

[edit] 8 External links

\to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,$$ where $F$ is a free abelain group and the linking $L_N(x,y)$ can be computed as follows. Let $x',y' \in F^*$ be such that $\partial(x')=x$ and $\partial(y')=y$. Then we can tensor with $\mathbb{Q}$ to obtain an isomorphism $$\Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.$$ The linking form of $N$ is then given by: $$L_N(x,y) = -(x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).$$ This formula, in particular the appearance of the sign, is explained in \cite[Section 3]{Gordon&Litherland1978} and \cite[Proof of Theorem 2.1]{Alexander&Hamrick&Vick1976}. Let $\ell = 1$, so \ell + 1 = 3$. Every 3-manifold $N$ is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in $S^3$ \cite{Lickorish1962}, \cite{Wallace1960}. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for $N$. Suppose that $N$ is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let $A$ be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for $N$ as the rank of $F$, the linking matrix $A$ determines a map $\Phi$ as above, which presents the linking form of $N$. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold $W$ whose boundary is $N$ presents the linking form of $N$. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair $(W,N)$ and Poincaré duality. See \cite{Boyer1986} for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary. For example, the lens space $L(p,1)$ is the boundary of the $D^2$ bundle over $S^2$ with Euler number $-p$, so the presentation $\Phi = (-p) \colon \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}$ presents the linking form of $L(p,1)$ \cite[Example 5.3.2]{Gompf&Stipsicz1999}.
== Role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds == ; Linking forms play an important role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds. For closed simply connected $-manifolds $M$, the linking form is a complete invariant if $H_2(M; \Zz) = TH_2(M; \Zz)$. For more information in dimension $, see the page on [[5-manifolds: 1-connected|simply-connected 5-manifolds]]. For the role of linking forms in the classification of smooth $(q-1)$-connected $(2q+1)$ manifolds with boundary a homotopy sphere, see \cite[Theorem 7]{Wall1967}. == Algebraic classification == ; An algebraic linking form is a non-singular bi-linear pairing $$ b \colon T \times T \to \Qq/\Zz$$ on a finite abelian group $T$. It is called symmetric if $b(x, y) = b(y, x)$ and skew-symmetric if $b(x, y) = - b(y, x)$. The classification of skew-symmetric linking forms is rather simple and is due to Wall, \cite[Theorem 3]{Wall1963}. It is described in detail in the page on [[5-manifolds: 1-connected#Linking_forms|simply-connected 5-manifolds]]. The classification of symmetric linking forms is rather intricate. It was begun in \cite{Wall1963} and completed by Kawauchi and Kojima: see \cite[Theorem 4.1]{Kawauchi&Kojima1980}. == References == {{#RefList:}} == External links == * The Wikipedia page on [[Wikipedia:Poincare duality#Bilinear_pairings_formulation|Poincaré duality]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Forgotten in Textbooks]]n-manifold N has a bilinear linking form

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\Zz) \times TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) \to \mathbb{Q}/\Zz.

Here the torsion part of an abelian group P is the subgroup

\displaystyle TP:= \{p \in P \,|\, ap=0 \text{ for some } a \in \Z\}.

The linking form is the analogue for the torsion part of the homology of the intersection product which vanishes on the torsion part.

The linking form is defined as follows. Take [x] \in TH_\ell(N;\Zz) and [y] \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\Zz) represented by cycles x \in C_\ell(N;\Zz) and y \in C_{n-\ell-1}(N,\Zz). There is Y\in C_{n-\ell}(N;\Z) such that \partial Y = sy for some s \in \Zz. Define

\displaystyle L_N([x],[y]):= \langle x, Y \rangle/s \in \mathbb{Q}/\Zz
to be the intersection number of x and Y divided by s and taken modulo 1.

For fixed N,[x],[y] the resulting `residie modulo 1' is independent of the choices of x,y,Y and s.

We have

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = (-)^{\ell(n-\ell)}L_N(y,x).

[edit] 2 Definition via cohomology

Let x \in TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) and let y \in TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}). Note that we have Poincaré duality isomorphisms

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z})

and

\displaystyle PD \colon TH_{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\cong} TH^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}).

Associated to the short exact sequence of coefficients

\displaystyle 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Q} \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z} \to 0

is the Bockstein long exact sequence in cohomology:

\displaystyle H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}) \to H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\beta} H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}).

Choose z \in TH^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) such that \beta(z) = PD(x). This is always possible since torsion elements in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) map to zero in H^{n-\ell}(N;\mathbb{Q}). There is a cup product:

\displaystyle \cup \colon  H^{n-\ell-1}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}) \otimes H^{\ell+1}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to  H^{n}(N;\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}).

Then the Kronecker pairing,

\displaystyle \langle z \cup PD(y),[N] \rangle \in \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z},

of z \cup  PD(y) with the fundamental class of N yields L_N(x,y).

[edit] 3 Examples of 3-dimensional projective and lens spaces

As an example, let N = \mathbb{RP}^3, so that \ell=1 and n=3. Now H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_2. Let \theta \in H_1(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) be the non-trivial element. To compute the linking L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta), consider \mathbb{RP}^3 modelled as D^3/\sim, with antipodal points on \partial D^2 identified, and choose two representative 1-chains x and y for \theta. Let x be the straight line between north and south poles and let y be half of the equator. Now 2y = \partial w, where w \in C_2(\mathbb{RP}^3;\mathbb{Z}) is the 2-disk whose boundary is the equator. We see that \langle x,w \rangle = 1, so that

\displaystyle L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}(\theta,\theta) = L_{\mathbb{RP}^3}([x],[y]) = \langle x,y \rangle/2 = 1/2.

Generalising the above example, the 3-dimensional lens space N_{p,q} := L(p; q, 1) has H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}_p. The linking form is given on a generator \theta \in H_1(N_{p,q};\mathbb{Z}) by L_{N_{p,q}}(\theta,\theta) = q/p. Note that N_{2,1} \cong \mathbb{RP}^3, so this is consistent with the above example.

[edit] 4 Presentations of linking forms

A presentation for a middle dimensional linking form on N^{2\ell +1}

\displaystyle L_N \colon TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \times TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \to \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}

is an exact sequence:

\displaystyle 0 \to F \xrightarrow{\Phi} F^* \to TH_{\ell}(N;\mathbb{Z}) \xrightarrow{\partial} 0,

where F is a free abelain group and the linking L_N(x,y) can be computed as follows. Let x',y' \in F^* be such that \partial(x')=x and \partial(y')=y. Then we can tensor with \mathbb{Q} to obtain an isomorphism

\displaystyle \Phi \otimes \mathop{\mathrm{Id}} \colon F \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q} \xrightarrow{\cong} F^* \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Q}.

The linking form of N is then given by:

\displaystyle L_N(x,y) = -(x' \otimes 1)((\Phi\otimes  \mathop{\mathrm{Id}})^{-1}(y'\otimes 1)).

This formula, in particular the appearance of the sign, is explained in [Gordon&Litherland1978, Section 3] and [Alexander&Hamrick&Vick1976, Proof of Theorem 2.1].

Let \ell = 1, so 2\ell + 1 = 3. Every 3-manifold N is the boundary of a simply connected 4-manifold, which is obtained by glueing 2-handles to an integrally framed link in S^3 [Lickorish1962], [Wallace1960]. This is sometimes called a surgery presentation for N. Suppose that N is a rational homology 3-sphere. Let A be the matrix of (self-) linking numbers of the surgery presentation link. Taking the number of link components in the surgery presentation for N as the rank of F, the linking matrix A determines a map \Phi as above, which presents the linking form of N. The intersection form on a simply connected 4-manifold W whose boundary is N presents the linking form of N. This follows from the long exact sequence of the pair (W,N) and Poincaré duality. See [Boyer1986] for more details and the use of such presentations for the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds with a given boundary.

For example, the lens space L(p,1) is the boundary of the D^2 bundle over S^2 with Euler number -p, so the presentation \Phi = (-p) \colon \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z} presents the linking form of L(p,1) [Gompf&Stipsicz1999, Example 5.3.2].

[edit] 5 Role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds

Linking forms play an important role in the classification of odd-dimensional manifolds. For closed simply connected 5-manifolds M, the linking form is a complete invariant if H_2(M; \Zz) = TH_2(M; \Zz). For more information in dimension 5, see the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

For the role of linking forms in the classification of smooth (q-1)-connected (2q+1) manifolds with boundary a homotopy sphere, see [Wall1967, Theorem 7].

[edit] 6 Algebraic classification

An algebraic linking form is a non-singular bi-linear pairing

\displaystyle  b \colon T \times T \to \Qq/\Zz

on a finite abelian group T. It is called symmetric if b(x, y) = b(y, x) and skew-symmetric if b(x, y) = - b(y, x).

The classification of skew-symmetric linking forms is rather simple and is due to Wall, [Wall1963, Theorem 3]. It is described in detail in the page on simply-connected 5-manifolds.

The classification of symmetric linking forms is rather intricate. It was begun in [Wall1963] and completed by Kawauchi and Kojima: see [Kawauchi&Kojima1980, Theorem 4.1].

[edit] 7 References

[edit] 8 External links

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